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Mechanisms Of Disease > Session 3 > Flashcards

Session 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is chronic inflammation?

A

A chronic response to injury with associated fibrosis.

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2
Q

What is the only tissue outcome of chronic inflammation?

A

Repair and scarring.

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3
Q

How does chronic inflammation arise?

A

Can take over from acute inflammation if damage is too severe.
Can arise initially eg autoimmune conditions and chronic infections.
Can develop alongside acute inflammation in severe or repeated irritation.

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4
Q

What cells are present in chronic inflammation?

A

Macrophages, Lymphocytes, plasma cells, Eosinophils and fibroblasts/myofibroblasts.

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5
Q

What are the functions of macrophages?

A

Phagocytosis.
Presentation of antigen to immune system.
Synthesis of cytokines, blood clotting factors and proteases.
Control of other cells by cytokines release.

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6
Q

Name the 2 types of lymphocytes.

Extra point - what is their function?

A

B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes.

Extra point - B differentiate to produce antibodies. T are involved in control and cytotoxic functions.

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7
Q

What is the function of plasma cells?

A

They are differentiated antibody producing B lymphocytes.

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8
Q

When are eosinophils present?

A

In allergic reactions, parasite infections and some tumours.

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9
Q

What is the function of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts?

A

They make collagen and are recruited by macrophages.

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10
Q

What we giant cells and why do they occur?

A

They are multinucleate cells made by fusion of macrophages. They occur due to frustrated phagocytosis.

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11
Q

What are the 3 types of giant cells?

A

Langhans (TB) foreign body type and touton (fat necrosis)

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12
Q

What do langhans type giant cells look like under the microscope?

A

Nuclei form large circle with plasma in the centre.

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13
Q

What do touton giant cells look like under the microscope?

A

A smaller circle formed of the nuclei with plasma in the centre.

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14
Q

What is the main cell type in rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Plasma cells.

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15
Q

What are the main effects of chronic infection?

A

Fibrosis - eg gall bladder, chronic cholecystitis.
Impaired function - eg chronic inflammatory bowel disease, rarely get increased function eg Graves’ disease.
Atrophy - eg gastric mucosa.
Stimulation of immune response - macrophage/lymphocyte interactions.

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16
Q

Briefly explain the pathology of chronic cholecystitis.

A

There is repeated obstruction of the gall bladder by gall stones.
This leads to repeated acute inflammation leading to chronic inflammation.
Fibrosis of the gall bladder wall occurs.

17
Q

Briefly explain the pathology of inflammatory bowel disease.

A

It is an idiopathic inflammatory disease that effects the large and small bowel.
Patients have diarrhoea and rectal bleeding.
Eg Crohn’s disease.

18
Q

Briefly explain the pathology of rheumatoid arthritis.

A

It is an autoimmune disease with a local and systemic immune response. Localised chronic inflammation leads to the destruction of joints and systemic immune response can effect other organs and can cause proteins to become insoluble.

19
Q

What is granulomatous inflammation?

A

Chronic inflammation with granulomas.

20
Q

What cells make a granuloma?

A

Lymphocytes and modified immobilised macrophages.

21
Q

When do granulomas arise?

A

With persistent, low grade antigenic stimulation.

Hypersensitivity.

22
Q

What are the main causes of granulomatous inflammation.

A

Irritant foreign material
Infections eg mycobacteria - TB
Crohn’s disease.

23
Q

What does a granuloma look like in TB?

A

It is a langerhans type giant cell with caseous necrosis.

24
Q

What are the outcomes of cellular TB?

A

Arrest, fibrosis, scarring
Erosion into bronchus
TB empyema
Erosion into the blood stream

25
Q

What is it called when there are many TB bugs in the system?

A

Miliary TB

26
Q

What is it called when there are few TB bugs in the system?

A

Single organ TB

27
Q

What disease causes non caseating granulomas?

A

Sarcoidosis. Mainly in young adult women.

Mechanisms Of Disease (11 decks)

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