Session 1 Flashcards
What are the causes of cell injury/death?
Hypoxia, toxins, physical agents, radiation, micro-organisms, immune mechanisms and dietary.
What is hypoxia?
Where the body or some tissue within the body is deprived of oxygen.
What are the causes of hypoxia?
Hypoxaemic, anaemic, ischaemic and histiocytic.
What is hypoxaemic hypoxia?
The arterial content of oxygen is low due to high altitudes of secondary to lung disease.
What is anaemic hypoxia?
Decreased ability of haemoglobin to carry oxygen due to anaemia or carbon monoxide poisoning.
What is ischaemic hypoxia?
Interruption to the blood supply due to a blockage or heart failure.
What is histiocytic hypoxia?
Inability of the cells to utilise oxygen due to disabled oxidative phosphorylation enzymes.
How can immune mechanisms damage cells?
Hypersensitivity reactions (cells are damaged due to an overly vigorous immune reactions eg hives) and autoimmune reactions (fails to distinguish self from non self eg Graves’ disease).
What are the principle structural targets for cell damage?
Cell membranes, nucleus, proteins and mitochondria.
What are free radicals?
A molecule which has an unpaired electron. The main ones are hydroxyl, superoxide and hydrogen peroxide.
How are free radicals generated in the body?
Oxidative phosphorylation and cytosolic reactions.
What are heat shock proteins?
Protect against cell injury and important for when protein synthesis goes wrong. They aid the folding so it correct again, if this is not possible it destroys the protein.
What are the 3 categories of alteration in cell morphology?
Cytoplasmic, nuclear and abnormal accumulations.
