Session 7 Flashcards
What is CKD
A progressive deterioration of renal function over months to years
Features of CKD
Measured by eGFR
Usually irreversible, as renal tissue is replaced by extracellular matrix in response to damage
Deterioration can be slowed with treatment
How do you stage eFGR
Using eGFR or Albuminuria
stages for eGFR staging of CKD
Stages for Albuminuria staging of CKD
Treatments for proteinuria
Gives ace inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers
ACI/ARB
How does diabetes lead to hyper filtration
Diabetes = high amounts of glucose reabsorbed, coupled with sodium
Less Na+ in tubule, less Na+ delivered in macula densa, activates RAAS,
renin increases, aldosterone increases, BP increases
Over time causes damage to glomerular capillaries and capillary bed
First clue that diabetes is causing hyperfiltration
micro Albuminuria
How do we manage blood pressure in CKD
Anti-hypertensives
Diuretics
Fluid restriction
Blood pressure targets in CKD
Causes of primary CKD
Causes of secondary CKD
Leading causes of CKD and end stage renal failure
Diabetes mellitis
(Also hypertension)
What is the best way to monitor diabetes control in someone with poorly controlled T2DM and CKD
Fasting plasma glucose
What is HbA1c
Glycosylated Hb
RBC lifespan 120 days so good to assess long term control
When is HbA1c not a good test
Anaemia due to CKD due to not enough EPO
What do we need to correct anaemia related to CKD
EPO (supplements and potentially dialysis)
And Iron
Patient with CKD found to have bilateral crackles on lungs and pitting oedema to shins is indicative of
Fluid overload secondary to CKD
Most appropriate diuretic for fluid overload secondary to CKD
A loop diuretic
That inhibits the Na+ K+ 2Cl- co transporter in LoH
Use bigger doses of loop diuretics in CKD
How does impaired renal function impact calcium homeostasis
impaired mineralisation of bone , increased bone resorption, increased PTH, increased osteoclastic activity and hence bone resorption
Decreased calcium absorption, decreased plasma calcium, stimulation of parathyroid glands leading to hyperplasia
These 2 factors together lead to increased plasma phosphate and decreased phosphate excretion
X ray signs of impaired renal function impacting calcium homeostasis
Non-bone calcification
Ureamia symptoms
Features of RRT
End stage renal failure
Renal replacement therapy