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Psychology 120 > Session 5 > Flashcards

Session 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Central nervous system consists of

A

Brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Neurons that link the central nervous system to our skin muscles and glands

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3
Q

What system is the nervous system connected to

A

Endocrine system

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4
Q

Nervous system consists of

A

Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

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5
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system do

A

Connects the nervous system to organs skin and limbs

Allows the brain and spinal cord to receive and send information to other areas of the body

Carries away sensory and motor information to and from the central nervous system

Regulate involuntary body functions

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6
Q

I’ll nervous system composed of

A

100 billion neurons

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7
Q

Neuron

A

A cell in the nervous system whose function to receive and transmit information

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8
Q

Neurons composed of

A

3 different parts

1- cell body/soma
2-dendrite
3-axon

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9
Q

Cell body/soma

A

Part of neuron

Contains nucleus of cell and keeps the cell alive

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10
Q

Dendrite

A

Branching treelike fiber

Collects information from other cells and sends info to the soma

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11
Q

Axon

A

Segmented fibre

Transmits information away from the cell body toward other neurons or to the muscles and glands

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12
Q

Mylenation

A

Fatty tissue covering axons

Improve speed and keep electrical charges from shorting out

Myelin sheath

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13
Q

How do neurons communicate

A

Electrical and chemical systems

Electrical charge moves through the neuron itself

Chemicals are used to transmit information between neurons

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14
Q

Signal received by ____ then

A

Dendrites

Then transmitted to soma (electrical signal) and Then (if signal strong enough) maybe passed to axon and then terminal buttons

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15
Q

If signal reaches terminal buttons what happens

A

Signaled to emit chemicals (neurotransmitters) which communicate with other neurons across the spaces between the cells (synapses)

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16
Q

Resting potential

More negative than positive ions

A

Axon remains in resting potential

A state where interior of neuron has a greater number of negatively charged ions than the outside of the cell

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17
Q

Resting potential sodium

A

More sodium on the outside

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18
Q

Action potential :semipermeable

A

Semipermeable membrane lets the sodium in

When the axon is stimulated

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19
Q

Action potential more + than -

A

When the sodium gets let in, the segment temporarily becomes positively charged

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20
Q

Nodes of ranvier

A

Axon segmented by breaks between segments of myelin sheath

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21
Q

How do can neurons fire a little bit

A

No they always fire completely

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22
Q

Synapse

A

Small spaces between neurons

The area where the terminal buttons at the end of the axon of one neuron NEARLY but don’t quite touch the dendrites of another

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23
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Neurons communicate with one another by the axons sending chemicals (neurotransmitters) into the space (synapse) that can bind with the dendrites

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24
Q

Complex communication in 2 ways

A

Lots of connections, but some a better fit than other

Transmitter specific receptors

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25
Q

Complex communications: lots of connections

A

Some are a better fit than other

Neuron may have synaptic connections with thousands of other neurons

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26
Q

Reason 2 of complexi communication: transmitter specific receptors

A

Different terminal buttons release different neurotransmitters.

Dendrites will admit the neurotransmitter only if the right shape to fit in the receptor sites on the receiving neuron

LIKE A LOCK AND KEY

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27
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitters

A

Make cell more likely to fire
Ex. Glutamine

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28
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

Make cell less likely to fire

Ex. Serotonin

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29
Q

What happens white excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters are received same time

A

Influenced by both. Whichever has higher effects wins

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30
Q

What happens when neurotransmitters aren’t accepted

A

Neurotransmitters not accepted by the receptor sites must be removed from the synapse in order for the next potential stimulation of the neuron to happen

1- Get broken down by enzymes
2-reuptake

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31
Q

Reuptake

A

Neurotransmitters in the synapse are reabsorbed into the transmitting terminal buttons ready to be released after the neuron fires

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32
Q

Common neuro transmitter

A

-Acetylcholine
-dopamine
-endorphins
-GABA
-Glutamate
-serotonin

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33
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A

-Used in spinal chord and motor neurons to stimulate muscle contractions

  • used in brain to regulate memory, sleeping, and dreaming by
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34
Q

Nicotine is a ____ acts like _____

A

Agonist acts like acetylcholine

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35
Q

Dopamine

A

-involved in movement, motivation, and emotion

-produce feeling of pleasure when released by brain reward system

-involved in learning

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36
Q

Alzheimer’s disease bc of

A

Under supply of acetylcholine

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37
Q

Schizophrenia linked to

A

Increases in dopamine

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38
Q

Parkinson’s linked to

A

Reductions in dopamine

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39
Q

Endorphins

A

-released in response to exercise, orgasm

-natural pain relievers

-related to compounds found in opium,morphine,heroin

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40
Q

GABA

A

-gamma-aminobutyric acid

-major inhibitory transmitter in the brain

-lack of GABA leads to involuntary motor actions (seizures)

-alcohol stimulates release of GABA inhibits nervous system and make us feel drunk

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41
Q

Glutamate

A

-most common neurotransmitter
-realeased in 90% of brains synapses
-found in MSG
-excess can cause overstimulation/migraines/seizures

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42
Q

Serotonin

A

-involved in mood/appetite/sleep/aggression
-drugs designed to treat depression are to prevent their reuptake

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43
Q

Antidepressants

A

-make serotonin and norepinephrine more available

-make dopamine more available

-can block ACh to get side effects like dry mouth

44
Q

Types of antidepressants

A

-SSRIs
-SNRI
-Atypical
-serotonin modulators
-TCAs
-MAOI

45
Q

Anti anxiety meds example

A

SSRIs
Buspirone
Benzodiazepines

46
Q

SSRIs often used for

A

Anxiety

47
Q

Medication used to treat ADHD do what

A

Increase dopamine
Inhibition serotonin reuptake

48
Q

Difference between concerta and vyvanse vs Ritalin and adderall

A

Concerts 12-14 hours

Addy- 4hr

49
Q

Agonist

A

Drug that has chemical properties similar to a particular neurotransmitter

50
Q

What happens when an agonist ingested

A

Binds to receptor sites in the dendrites to excite neuron

Also blocks the real neurotransmitter

Acts like more of the neurotransmitter is present

51
Q

Glial cells

A

Support cells of the CNS

52
Q

What do glial cells do

A

Surround and link neurons (protecting them/giving nutrients/ absorbing unused neurotransmitters)

53
Q

Part of the cause of nerve pain

A

Glial cells

54
Q

3 different functions of neurons

A

Sensory
Motor
Interneuron

55
Q

Sensory neuron

A

Carry information from the sensory receptors

56
Q

Motor neuron

A

Transmit info to muscles and glands

57
Q

Interneuron

A

Most common type

-located primarily within the CNS

-responsible for communicating among the neurons

58
Q

Spinal cord

A

Long thin tubular bundle of nerves and supporting cells that extend down from the brain

59
Q

Ascending tracts in spinal cord

A

Sensory neurons relay sensory info from the sense organs to the brain

60
Q

Ascending tracts in spinal cord

A

Sensory neurons relay sensory info from the sense organs to the brain

61
Q

Descending tracts spinal cord

A

Motor neurons relay motor commands back to the body

62
Q

Reflexes

A

When a quicker than usual response is required

Spinal cord can do it own processing bypassing the brain altogether

63
Q

Reflexes triggered when

A

Sensory info is powerful enough to reach a given threshold and interneurons in spinal cord act to send a message through the motor neurons without relaying info to the brain

64
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

ANS

division of the PNS that governs internal activities:

-heart rate
-breathing
-digestion
-salivation
-urination
-arousal

65
Q

Can actions of the ANS be controlled

A

Breathing and sexual activity can

Heart rate and digestion can’t

66
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

SNS

-division of PNS controls external aspects of the body:

-skeletal muscles
-skin
-sense organs

Consists mostly of motor nerves for sending brain signals for muscle contraction

67
Q

ANS divided into

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

68
Q

Sympathetic system

A

Involved in preparing body for

-behaviour (mostly response to stress)
-^activates organs and glands in endocrine system

-

69
Q

Parasympathetic system

A

Calm the body by slowing down heartbeat and breathing

and allowing body to recover from activities the sympathetic system causes

70
Q

Sympathetic and parasympathetic systems analogy

A

Sympathetic like the gas pedal

Parasympathetic like the brake

71
Q

Old brain parts

A

Brain stem

Limbic system

Cerebellum

72
Q

New brain parts

A

Cerebral cortex

73
Q

Old brain functions

A

Regulates basic survivals functions such as :

-breathing
-moving
-resting
-feeding

Creates our experiences of emotion

74
Q

New brain functions

A

Further brain layers

Provide more advanced functions

-better memory
-more sophisticated social interaction
-new emotions
-

75
Q

Brain stem parts

A

Medulla
Pons
Reticular formation

76
Q

Brain stem location

A

Begins where spinal cord enters the skull and forms the medulla

77
Q

Oldest part of brain

A

Brain stem

78
Q

Brain stem functions

A

Control breathing, attention and motor responses

79
Q

Medulla function

A

Control heart rate. Blood pressure. Swallowing and breathing

Medulla alone can sustain life

80
Q

Pons function and shape

A

Spherical shape above the medulla

Movement and balance and walking

81
Q

Reticular formation

A

Long, narrow network of neurons

Running through medulla and pons

Filtering and arousal

-walking. Eating. Sexual activity. Sleeping

82
Q

Thalamus location

A

Above brain stem

83
Q

Thalamus function and shape

A

Egg shape

Filtering and relaying

84
Q

Limbic system parts

A

Hypothalamus

Hippocampus

Amygdala

85
Q

Limbic system

A

Social functions/Memory/emotions/rewards and punishment

Involved in Psychological struggles: anxiety. Depression. Autism

86
Q

Amygdala functions

A

Perception of and reaction to fear and aggression

Social cognition

Fear-fight or flight/facial responses/processing smells

87
Q

Amygdala shape and location

A

2 almond shaped clusters at the end of the hippocampus

88
Q

Why do children with autism have more anxiety but focus better on special interests

A

Bigger amygdala’s

89
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Monitoring our temperature, heart rate, hormones

Creates feelings of pleasure

90
Q

Hypothalamus location and shape

A

Below thalamus

Look like 2 horns

91
Q

Hippocampus function

A

Stores info for Long term memory

92
Q

Cerebellum

A

“Little brain”

Voluntary movements

-emotional responses, learning (different sounds and textures/procedural memories)

93
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

-80% of brains weight
-corticalization
-frontal cortex-reasoning
-parietal lobe- touch
-accipital lobe-vision
-temporal lobe-hearing

94
Q

Corticalization

A

Wrinkled surface-more surface area and size

-increased capacity for learning/remembering/thinking

95
Q

Frontal lobe function

A

Reasoning, judgement. Planning. Memory

96
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Touch

97
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Vision

98
Q

Temporal lobe location and function

A

I’m front of occipital lobe

-responsible for hearing and language

99
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

Brains ability to change its structure and function in response to experience or damage

Enable us to learn and remember new things and adjust to new experiences

100
Q

Neuroplasticity as adult

A

Best as a kid. Continues as adults but less so

101
Q

Can neurons repair themselves

A

No. But we can grow new ones

102
Q

3 founders of Neuroplasticity

A

Paul bach-y-rita - (can blind adults learn to see. Ppl balance with tongues)

Marian Diamond- (use it or lose it. Brain development at any age: diet/exercise/challenge/ newness/ love)

Michael Merzenich-

103
Q

Michael merzenich

A

-Naming Neuroplasticity

-competitive neurons

-neural efficiency

-Microelectrodes

-reorganize sensations of hand

104
Q

Competitive neurons

A

If u don’t use neurons for one functions something else takes over

105
Q

Neural efficiency

A

Learning a task uses more neurons. Then when u get better at it it uses less bc u become more efficient

Psychology 120 (5 decks)

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