Session 1-3 Flashcards
Psychology study of
Mind and behaviour
Who establish the first formal laboratory for research in psychology
And when
Wundt in 1879
Where was Wundt laboratory
University of Leipzig
Who created the structuralist school of psychology
Wilhelm Wundt
Wundt most famous students
2
Edward Titchner and
G Stanley Hall
Edward titchner teacher
Wundt
Edward titchner known for
Best proponent for structuralism
G Stanley hall known for
Founder of adolescent psychology
What is structuralism
- Earliest attempt to study consciousness in a lab
What did Wundt want to create
A periodic table of elements of the mind (like chemistry periodic table)
How did Wundt find elements of the mind
Participants were good at introspection
How did Wundt find elements of the mind
Participants were good at introspection
What is introspection
Noticing their internal experiences and reporting on them
Examples of wundts participants introspection
General sense: pressure, heat, cold
Feelings: (for each)
*pleasant/unpleasant
*excitement/depression
*tension/relaxation
Edward titchner lab where
America
How many sensations did titchner and his students find
40K
William James founded what
Functionalism
What is William James known for
- founder of functionalism
-gave the first psychology lecture
- creator of James-Lange theory of emotion
-wrote “The principles of psychology”
(Classic textbook of psychology)
Who founded functionalism
William james
Who gave the first psychology lecture
William james
Who wrote the principles of psychology textbook
William james
Functionalists wanted to understand what
Purpose or functions of consciousness
Structuralists wanted to understand what
The parts of consciousness
Functionalists influenced by who
Charles Darwin
-memory can remember threats. Maybe that’s why bad memories are more persistent
Functionalism has become
Evolutionary psychology
Who encouraged behaviourism
William james
4 forces of applied psychology
Psychodynamic psychology
Behaviourism
Humanism
Cognitive psychology
Who created psychodynamic psychology
Sigmund Freud
What is psychodynamic psychology about
About what energizes, motivates, or moves us
These drives, often primal drives of sex and death, are often unconscious to us
Where did Freud get his ideas
3 foundations probably
1- ppl in his time fascinated with energy, so he saw ideas as having mental energy
2-Anna O
3- freuds self analysis
Who had the conservation of energy theory
Von Helmholtz
The mind as an energy system
3 ideas
1- limited amount of NRG. If I focus on school, less energy for sex or aggression
2- if NRG is blocked it gets expressed another way (mad at boss, take out on my dog)
3- mind wants to be at a state of quiescence. (Bodily needs create tension, pleasure releases that nrg)
Anna O.
1882
-client with hysteria
-got hypnotized and talked about shit she forgot
- symptoms reduced or temporarily went away
-Freud though NRG of long forgotten memories being released helped (catharsis)
- Freud thought things were aren’t aware affect our thoughts and behaviours
What is Id-Freud
Instincts
Sex and aggression
Ego- Freud
Reality
Super ego - Freud
Morality
Oedipus complex
Freud thought as young children we wanna kill our father so we can possess our mothers
Terrible thought/ repress it and forget eventually
Psychoanalysis
Through talking/ looking at our dreams/ exploring my early life. We let these thoughts become conscious relieving pressure
Freud development theory
Personalities set in stone by age 5
Who created cognitive psychology
Ulric Neisser
How does Ulric Neisser define cognitive psychology
“All processes by which the sensory input is transformed, reduced, elaborated,stored, recovered, and used”
Cognitive psychology study of what
Mental processes;
Attention, memory, perception, language use, problem solving,creativity, and thinking
Ulric neisser wrote what
2 books
Cognitive psychology
Cognition and reality (critical of his field)
Why did Ulric neisser criticize his field
Cognitive psychology was disconnected from everyday life
Who created cognitive therapy
Aaron beck
How to change depressed thoughts
-encourage reality testing
- record cognitions
- detect automatic thoughts
- change underlying assumptions
PSE (perceived self efficacy)
Belief that one has the abilities and skills to successfully complete a task
Why did behaviourism take hold
Freud concepts couldn’t be measured.
They wanted empirical data
Behaviourism studies
Behaviours (which is empirical data)
4 big names in behaviourism
JB Watson
Ivan Pavlov
Edward Lee Thorndike
BF skinner
Ivan Pavlov school of psychology
Behaviourism
Ivan Pavlov type of conditioning studied
Classical conditioning
Classical conditioning
2 stimuli that occur at the same time together become associated
Operant conditioning
An organism tends to repeat what its rewarded for
Edward Lee thorndike school of psychology
Behaviourism
Edward Lee thirndike type of conditioning
Operant
Who coined the term behaviourism
J B watson
Who coined the term behaviourism
J B Watson
Who invented behaviourism
Pavlov he didn’t name it tho
Who led the way to operant conditioning
Edward Lee thorndike
Who coined the term operant conditioning
Skinner
Edward Lee thorndike famous for
Puzzle box experiment
Law of effect
Puzzle box experiment who? And describe?
Thorndike
Box with lever on the floor to open a door
When animal got out it got a reward
Measured time to get out
Puzzle box experiment findings
Learning followed and S curve with Accidental success at first
Animals can generalize
Incorrectly he thought animals couldn’t use observational learning
Examples of observational learning
- blue tits in England stealing cream from top of bottle by watching other birds
Laws of operant conditioning who? And what?
Thorndike from puzzle box experiment
1- learning incremental
2- learning occurs automatically
3-all animals learn the same way
4-law of effect- (if an association followed by satisfaction it will be strengthened. Followed by annoyance it will be weakened)
5-law of use- (more often associated used, stronger it becomes)
6-law of disuse (longer association unused, weaker it gets)
7-law of recency (most recent response most likely to occur)
8-multiple response (animal try multiple things if first thing don’t work out)
9-set attitude (animals are predisposed to act a certain way)
10-prepotency of elements (subject filter out elements and focus on significant elements in a problem)
11-response by analogy (similar context used for other things)
12- identical elements theory or transfer (more similar the situation, more information that will transfer)
13- associative shifting (possible to switch stimulus from A to AB then just B)
14- law of readiness- (behaviour and learning influenced by readiness/unreadiness of responses)
15- identifiability- (identification important to connecting tasks)
16- availability (easier to touch mouth than draw 5 inch line)
Nature vs nurture
Nature- genetics determine behaviour
Nurture- environment, upbringing, and life experiences determine our behaviour
Little Albert experiment
Who and what
John Watson (and a graduate assistant Rosalie rayner)
Conditioned a small child to fear a white rat
Paired rat with a loud frightening noise
BF skinner conditioning type
Operant
Variable ratios
Example-
playing slots machine
If it pays out little every time and suddenly it doesn’t u think it’s broken
If pays out lots rarely u keep playing to hit it big
Need to find ratio of winning to leaving if u lose money
Beyond freedom and dignity
Who wrote and what it say?
Skinner
Argued for a world that reinforced our best behaviours
Operant conditioning named that why?
Studies how organism operates on the environment
Gamification
Using aspects from games to reinforce positive behaviour
U hit ur steps
Humanistic psychology believe what
Intentionality and ethical values are key to determining behaviour
4 leaders of humanistic psychology
Carl Rodger’s
Abraham Maslow
Rollo may
Fritz perls
Carl rogers focus
Client and growth centered
3 aspects of Carl Rodger’s work
Method counselling
Theory of personality
Ideas about the good life
Rogers thoughts on person centered therapy (Rochester experience)
Patient mind is jumbled. Therapist organizes everything
Necessary and sufficient conditions for therapeutic personality change
Unconditional positive regard (UPR)
Empathy
Congruence
All together^
Necessary and sufficient conditions for therapeutic personality change
Unconditional positive regard (UPR)
Empathy
Congruence
All together^
Congruence
Therapist is authentic
Congruence
Therapist is authentic
Unconditional positive regard
Deep and genuine caring for the client
Empathy in terms of therapy
Put urself in others shoes to understand client experience
Rogers theory of personality
Key characteristics of personality
- organized and consistent
-prone to environmental influences
-causes your behaviours and your reaction to others
-patterns of thoughts, behaviours, and feelings that make u unique
Phenomenology
Seeks to understand outside world as it is interpreted by and through human consciousness
Phenomenal field
We all see things differently
(If u think ur good at math. U have more confidence doing math and do better)
Authenticity
Who we want to be isn’t just wanting to be rich, u listen to yourself
Rogers believed humans have 2 basic needs
Need Self actualization
And positive regard
Self actualization
To fulfill one’s potential and achieve the highest level of “human beingness” that we can
Rollo May wanted what
Wanted us to live our authentic lives
Existential therapy
By accepting mortality a client can overcome anxieties and instead view life as moments which he or she is fundamentally free
Fritz perls known for
Gestalt therapy
Gestalt therapy
Psychotherapy centered on the present moment rather than past experiences
Mary stark white house
Authentic movement
Abraham Maslow known for
Hierarchy of needs
Hierarchy of needs
Abraham Maslow
Pyramid
Top1- self actualization
2-esteem
3-love and belonging
4- safety needs
5-physiological needs
Maslow - deficiency needs
Bottom 4 levels of pyramid because don’t feel anything if they are met but feel anxious if they aren’t
Maslow- growth needs
5th level of pyramid
Allows person to reach fullest potential
Need to meet deficiency needs first
Rene Descartes
Rationalist
I think therefore I am
Reason is foundation of knowledge
Scientific approach
Attitude toward knowledge
Method for testing and adding to knowledge
What is scientific attitude
Balance of having an open mind and being skeptical
All scientific statements are prefaced with
As far as we presently know
Basic research
Expand knowledge in field of study
Knowledge specific
Theory oriented
Explanatory and analytical
Subjective
Applied research
Solutions for specific problems
Solution driven
Practical oriented
Action oriented and synthetic
Objective method
Laws
General to apply to all situations in a given domain of inquiry
Theories
A level of prediction not as broad as a law that can be tested
Theories
A level of prediction not as broad as a law that can be tested
Integrated set of principles that predicts and explains many relationships
Hierarchy of organizing principals
Broad to narrow
Theory-> hypothesis-> observation-> confirmation
Theories need to be 3 things
General enough to fit several situations
Parsimonious
Falsifiable
Hypothesis
Specific and falsifiable prediction about the relationship between two or more variables
3 types of research designs
Descriptive
Correlational
Experimental
3 types of research designs
Descriptive
Correlational
Experimental
Descriptive research
Provides a snapshot of the current state of affairs
Correlational research
Designed to discover relationships among variables and allow the prediction of future events from present knowledge
Experimental research
We can get a sense of one variable causing changes in another
Descriptive research examples
Case studies
Historical studies
Ethnographic studies
Some surveys
Naturalistic observations in general
4 threats to validity
External threats
Internal threats
Construct threats
Statistical threats
Research designs
Historical research
Ethnographic studies
Observation
Case studies
Surveys
Interviews
Correlational studies
Experiments
.05 confidence level means what
5/100 you get ur results by chance
95% confident in ur results
