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Psychology 120 > Session 1-3 > Flashcards

Session 1-3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Psychology study of

A

Mind and behaviour

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2
Q

Who establish the first formal laboratory for research in psychology

And when

A

Wundt in 1879

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3
Q

Where was Wundt laboratory

A

University of Leipzig

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4
Q

Who created the structuralist school of psychology

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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5
Q

Wundt most famous students

2

A

Edward Titchner and

G Stanley Hall

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6
Q

Edward titchner teacher

A

Wundt

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7
Q

Edward titchner known for

A

Best proponent for structuralism

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8
Q

G Stanley hall known for

A

Founder of adolescent psychology

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9
Q

What is structuralism

A
  • Earliest attempt to study consciousness in a lab
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10
Q

What did Wundt want to create

A

A periodic table of elements of the mind (like chemistry periodic table)

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11
Q

How did Wundt find elements of the mind

A

Participants were good at introspection

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12
Q

How did Wundt find elements of the mind

A

Participants were good at introspection

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13
Q

What is introspection

A

Noticing their internal experiences and reporting on them

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14
Q

Examples of wundts participants introspection

A

General sense: pressure, heat, cold

Feelings: (for each)

*pleasant/unpleasant
*excitement/depression
*tension/relaxation

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15
Q

Edward titchner lab where

A

America

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16
Q

How many sensations did titchner and his students find

A

40K

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17
Q

William James founded what

A

Functionalism

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18
Q

What is William James known for

A
  • founder of functionalism

-gave the first psychology lecture

  • creator of James-Lange theory of emotion

-wrote “The principles of psychology”
(Classic textbook of psychology)

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19
Q

Who founded functionalism

A

William james

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20
Q

Who gave the first psychology lecture

A

William james

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21
Q

Who wrote the principles of psychology textbook

A

William james

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22
Q

Functionalists wanted to understand what

A

Purpose or functions of consciousness

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23
Q

Structuralists wanted to understand what

A

The parts of consciousness

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24
Q

Functionalists influenced by who

A

Charles Darwin

-memory can remember threats. Maybe that’s why bad memories are more persistent

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25
Q

Functionalism has become

A

Evolutionary psychology

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26
Q

Who encouraged behaviourism

A

William james

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27
Q

4 forces of applied psychology

A

Psychodynamic psychology

Behaviourism

Humanism

Cognitive psychology

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28
Q

Who created psychodynamic psychology

A

Sigmund Freud

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29
Q

What is psychodynamic psychology about

A

About what energizes, motivates, or moves us

These drives, often primal drives of sex and death, are often unconscious to us

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30
Q

Where did Freud get his ideas

3 foundations probably

A

1- ppl in his time fascinated with energy, so he saw ideas as having mental energy

2-Anna O

3- freuds self analysis

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31
Q

Who had the conservation of energy theory

A

Von Helmholtz

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32
Q

The mind as an energy system

3 ideas

A

1- limited amount of NRG. If I focus on school, less energy for sex or aggression

2- if NRG is blocked it gets expressed another way (mad at boss, take out on my dog)

3- mind wants to be at a state of quiescence. (Bodily needs create tension, pleasure releases that nrg)

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33
Q

Anna O.

A

1882

-client with hysteria

-got hypnotized and talked about shit she forgot

  • symptoms reduced or temporarily went away

-Freud though NRG of long forgotten memories being released helped (catharsis)

  • Freud thought things were aren’t aware affect our thoughts and behaviours
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34
Q

What is Id-Freud

A

Instincts

Sex and aggression

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35
Q

Ego- Freud

A

Reality

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36
Q

Super ego - Freud

A

Morality

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37
Q

Oedipus complex

A

Freud thought as young children we wanna kill our father so we can possess our mothers

Terrible thought/ repress it and forget eventually

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38
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

Through talking/ looking at our dreams/ exploring my early life. We let these thoughts become conscious relieving pressure

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39
Q

Freud development theory

A

Personalities set in stone by age 5

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40
Q

Who created cognitive psychology

A

Ulric Neisser

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41
Q

How does Ulric Neisser define cognitive psychology

A

“All processes by which the sensory input is transformed, reduced, elaborated,stored, recovered, and used”

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42
Q

Cognitive psychology study of what

A

Mental processes;

Attention, memory, perception, language use, problem solving,creativity, and thinking

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43
Q

Ulric neisser wrote what

2 books

A

Cognitive psychology

Cognition and reality (critical of his field)

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44
Q

Why did Ulric neisser criticize his field

A

Cognitive psychology was disconnected from everyday life

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45
Q

Who created cognitive therapy

A

Aaron beck

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46
Q

How to change depressed thoughts

A

-encourage reality testing

  • record cognitions
  • detect automatic thoughts
  • change underlying assumptions
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47
Q

PSE (perceived self efficacy)

A

Belief that one has the abilities and skills to successfully complete a task

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48
Q

Why did behaviourism take hold

A

Freud concepts couldn’t be measured.

They wanted empirical data

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49
Q

Behaviourism studies

A

Behaviours (which is empirical data)

50
Q

4 big names in behaviourism

A

JB Watson

Ivan Pavlov

Edward Lee Thorndike

BF skinner

51
Q

Ivan Pavlov school of psychology

A

Behaviourism

52
Q

Ivan Pavlov type of conditioning studied

A

Classical conditioning

53
Q

Classical conditioning

A

2 stimuli that occur at the same time together become associated

54
Q

Operant conditioning

A

An organism tends to repeat what its rewarded for

55
Q

Edward Lee thorndike school of psychology

A

Behaviourism

56
Q

Edward Lee thirndike type of conditioning

A

Operant

57
Q

Who coined the term behaviourism

A

J B watson

58
Q

Who coined the term behaviourism

A

J B Watson

59
Q

Who invented behaviourism

A

Pavlov he didn’t name it tho

60
Q

Who led the way to operant conditioning

A

Edward Lee thorndike

61
Q

Who coined the term operant conditioning

A

Skinner

62
Q

Edward Lee thorndike famous for

A

Puzzle box experiment

Law of effect

63
Q

Puzzle box experiment who? And describe?

A

Thorndike

Box with lever on the floor to open a door

When animal got out it got a reward

Measured time to get out

64
Q

Puzzle box experiment findings

A

Learning followed and S curve with Accidental success at first

Animals can generalize

Incorrectly he thought animals couldn’t use observational learning

65
Q

Examples of observational learning

A
  • blue tits in England stealing cream from top of bottle by watching other birds
66
Q

Laws of operant conditioning who? And what?

A

Thorndike from puzzle box experiment

1- learning incremental
2- learning occurs automatically
3-all animals learn the same way
4-law of effect- (if an association followed by satisfaction it will be strengthened. Followed by annoyance it will be weakened)
5-law of use- (more often associated used, stronger it becomes)
6-law of disuse (longer association unused, weaker it gets)
7-law of recency (most recent response most likely to occur)
8-multiple response (animal try multiple things if first thing don’t work out)
9-set attitude (animals are predisposed to act a certain way)
10-prepotency of elements (subject filter out elements and focus on significant elements in a problem)
11-response by analogy (similar context used for other things)
12- identical elements theory or transfer (more similar the situation, more information that will transfer)
13- associative shifting (possible to switch stimulus from A to AB then just B)
14- law of readiness- (behaviour and learning influenced by readiness/unreadiness of responses)
15- identifiability- (identification important to connecting tasks)
16- availability (easier to touch mouth than draw 5 inch line)

67
Q

Nature vs nurture

A

Nature- genetics determine behaviour

Nurture- environment, upbringing, and life experiences determine our behaviour

68
Q

Little Albert experiment
Who and what

A

John Watson (and a graduate assistant Rosalie rayner)

Conditioned a small child to fear a white rat

Paired rat with a loud frightening noise

69
Q

BF skinner conditioning type

A

Operant

70
Q

Variable ratios

A

Example-

playing slots machine
If it pays out little every time and suddenly it doesn’t u think it’s broken

If pays out lots rarely u keep playing to hit it big

Need to find ratio of winning to leaving if u lose money

71
Q

Beyond freedom and dignity

Who wrote and what it say?

A

Skinner

Argued for a world that reinforced our best behaviours

72
Q

Operant conditioning named that why?

A

Studies how organism operates on the environment

73
Q

Gamification

A

Using aspects from games to reinforce positive behaviour

U hit ur steps

74
Q

Humanistic psychology believe what

A

Intentionality and ethical values are key to determining behaviour

75
Q

4 leaders of humanistic psychology

A

Carl Rodger’s

Abraham Maslow

Rollo may

Fritz perls

76
Q

Carl rogers focus

A

Client and growth centered

77
Q

3 aspects of Carl Rodger’s work

A

Method counselling

Theory of personality

Ideas about the good life

78
Q

Rogers thoughts on person centered therapy (Rochester experience)

A

Patient mind is jumbled. Therapist organizes everything

79
Q

Necessary and sufficient conditions for therapeutic personality change

A

Unconditional positive regard (UPR)

Empathy

Congruence

All together^

80
Q

Necessary and sufficient conditions for therapeutic personality change

A

Unconditional positive regard (UPR)

Empathy

Congruence

All together^

81
Q

Congruence

A

Therapist is authentic

82
Q

Congruence

A

Therapist is authentic

83
Q

Unconditional positive regard

A

Deep and genuine caring for the client

84
Q

Empathy in terms of therapy

A

Put urself in others shoes to understand client experience

85
Q

Rogers theory of personality

A

Key characteristics of personality

  • organized and consistent
    -prone to environmental influences
    -causes your behaviours and your reaction to others
    -patterns of thoughts, behaviours, and feelings that make u unique
86
Q

Phenomenology

A

Seeks to understand outside world as it is interpreted by and through human consciousness

87
Q

Phenomenal field

A

We all see things differently

(If u think ur good at math. U have more confidence doing math and do better)

88
Q

Authenticity

A

Who we want to be isn’t just wanting to be rich, u listen to yourself

89
Q

Rogers believed humans have 2 basic needs

A

Need Self actualization

And positive regard

90
Q

Self actualization

A

To fulfill one’s potential and achieve the highest level of “human beingness” that we can

91
Q

Rollo May wanted what

A

Wanted us to live our authentic lives

92
Q

Existential therapy

A

By accepting mortality a client can overcome anxieties and instead view life as moments which he or she is fundamentally free

93
Q

Fritz perls known for

A

Gestalt therapy

94
Q

Gestalt therapy

A

Psychotherapy centered on the present moment rather than past experiences

95
Q

Mary stark white house

A

Authentic movement

96
Q

Abraham Maslow known for

A

Hierarchy of needs

97
Q

Hierarchy of needs

A

Abraham Maslow

Pyramid

Top1- self actualization
2-esteem
3-love and belonging
4- safety needs
5-physiological needs

98
Q

Maslow - deficiency needs

A

Bottom 4 levels of pyramid because don’t feel anything if they are met but feel anxious if they aren’t

99
Q

Maslow- growth needs

A

5th level of pyramid

Allows person to reach fullest potential

Need to meet deficiency needs first

100
Q

Rene Descartes

A

Rationalist

I think therefore I am

Reason is foundation of knowledge

101
Q

Scientific approach

A

Attitude toward knowledge

Method for testing and adding to knowledge

102
Q

What is scientific attitude

A

Balance of having an open mind and being skeptical

103
Q

All scientific statements are prefaced with

A

As far as we presently know

104
Q

Basic research

A

Expand knowledge in field of study

Knowledge specific

Theory oriented

Explanatory and analytical

Subjective

105
Q

Applied research

A

Solutions for specific problems

Solution driven

Practical oriented

Action oriented and synthetic

Objective method

106
Q

Laws

A

General to apply to all situations in a given domain of inquiry

107
Q

Theories

A

A level of prediction not as broad as a law that can be tested

108
Q

Theories

A

A level of prediction not as broad as a law that can be tested

Integrated set of principles that predicts and explains many relationships

109
Q

Hierarchy of organizing principals

Broad to narrow

A

Theory-> hypothesis-> observation-> confirmation

110
Q

Theories need to be 3 things

A

General enough to fit several situations

Parsimonious

Falsifiable

111
Q

Hypothesis

A

Specific and falsifiable prediction about the relationship between two or more variables

112
Q

3 types of research designs

A

Descriptive

Correlational

Experimental

113
Q

3 types of research designs

A

Descriptive

Correlational

Experimental

114
Q

Descriptive research

A

Provides a snapshot of the current state of affairs

115
Q

Correlational research

A

Designed to discover relationships among variables and allow the prediction of future events from present knowledge

116
Q

Experimental research

A

We can get a sense of one variable causing changes in another

117
Q

Descriptive research examples

A

Case studies
Historical studies
Ethnographic studies
Some surveys
Naturalistic observations in general

118
Q

4 threats to validity

A

External threats
Internal threats
Construct threats
Statistical threats

119
Q

Research designs

A

Historical research
Ethnographic studies
Observation
Case studies
Surveys
Interviews
Correlational studies
Experiments

120
Q

.05 confidence level means what

A

5/100 you get ur results by chance

95% confident in ur results

Psychology 120 (5 decks)

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