Final pt 4 (session 10) Flashcards
Learning
Relatively permanent change in knowledge or behaviour that is the result of experience
Behaviourists
Fundamental aspect of learning is conditioning
Conditioning
Connecting stimuli with responses
Classical conditioning
A NEUTRAL stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus that naturally produces a behaviour
Pavlov’s dogs-(food already leads to salivating. Pavlov connected bell to food to saliva)
Unconditioned stimulus
Something that triggers a naturally occurring response
Food- salivation
Conditioned stimulus
Neutral stimulus that after being repeatedly presented prior to the unconditioned stimulus evokes a similar response as the unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned response
The response that is wanted
Bell makes dog salivate. Salivate is CR
Extinction in terms of conditioning
If the dogs keep hearing the bell without getting food the dogs salivate less and less to the sound. And then eventually not at all
Spontaneous recovery
After exctinction, if u pause and then do it again the dogs will salivate. Not as much but still salivate
Generalization in terms of conditioning
If u salivate from a bell, something similar would make u salivate too
Discrimination in terms of conditioning
Opposite of generalization
It’s the tendency to respond differently to stimuli that are similar but not identical
Second order conditioning
If the bell make dog salivate
And you showed a box, then played bell sound. Eventually they salivate at the site of the box
Gracias rats
John Garcia
Conditioned rats by presenting either a sight, taste, or sound before giving drugs to rats that made them nauseous.
Taste conditioning was more powerful
Gracias findings
Genetics are responsible for how they’re prepared to learn some associations more easily than other
Role of nature in classical conditioning
We’re more evolutionarily inclined to learn associations between things that are dangers to us over others
We don’t like bitter bc it used to mean poison
But some animals can’t taste bitter if it’s not poisonous to them
Operant conditioning vs classical
Classical is relating to nature
Operant is consequences and rewards
Operant conditioning
Learning that occurs from consequences of behaviour and can involve learning new actions
Positive reinforcement
Increasing target behaviour by adding something desirable
Giving treats for tricks
Negative reinforcement
Increase target behaviour by taking away something aversive
If u get a 90 on the midterm u don’t have to write the final
Positive punishment
Additional if an aversive stimulus to decrease behaviour
Talking back get u a whooping
Negative punishment
Removal of something desirable to decrease behaviour
Take away Xbox when u talk back
Reinforcer vs punisher
Positive vs negative
Reinforcer increases likelihood
Punisher decreases likelihood
Positive- reinforcement added
Negative- reinforcement take away
What’s the most effective form of operant conditioning
Positive reinforcement
Fixed ratio reinforcement
Behaviour is reinforced after a specific number of responses
Workers paid according to how many things they produce
Variable ratio reinforcement
Behaviour reinforced after an average but unpredictable number of responses
Payoffs from slots
Fixed interval
Behaviour reinforced for the first response after a specific amount of time has passed
Monthly salary
Variable interval
Behaviour reinforced for the first response after an average but unpredictable amount of time has passed
Person checking email for messages
Shaping
Guiding an organisms behaviour to the desired outcome through the use of successive approximation to a final desired behaviour
Shaping discrimination
Reinforcing animals if the correctly discriminate between similar stimuli
Tests animals ability to learn
Bobo doll
Kids are more aggressive after seeing aggressive adult models
Children exposed to an aggressive doll were more likely to be aggressive compared to those who weren’t
Other forms of learning besides conditioning
Insight, latent, and observational learning
Insight
Sudden understanding of a solution to the problem
Wolfgang logger
1925
Recognized even animals learned from insight as well as conditioning
Gave primates problems difficult to figure out from trial and error
They stopped to think for a while then suddenly knew how to solve the problem
New Caledonian crows
Great tool users
Seemed to stop and contemplate
Latent learning
Sometimes we learn even when we aren’t reinforced
Edward tolman
Latent learning
Studied 3 groups of rats navigating mazes
Group 1 always got a reward at the end of the maze
Group 2 never received a reward
Group 3 got a reward beginning in the 11th day if the experiment
Group 1 finished right away. 2 and 3 wandered aimlessly
When group 3 got treats they had caught up on their learning by the next day
Porters pidgeons
Pidgeons were able to tell difference in classical music as well as university students
How or why did tolmans rats explore the maze
Beeline says we have a natural curiosity drive
Bandera and bobo dolls
More aggressive doll made the kids more aggressive
Children were more influenced by same sex models
When it was an aggressive boy 104 aggressive instances compare to an aggressive female 48.4
Bobo dolls experiment with TV
1963 part 2
Violent TV makes kids more aggressive but not as much as a live model
Watching adults on tv be aggressive isn’t as effective as witnessing it first hand
Bobo dolls experiment 3 1965
Seeing the model get punished for aggression made kids be less aggressive than kids who saw aggression get rewarded
Intrinsic motivation
Purpose
Interest
Mastery
Curiosity
Pride
Inside emotions and factors
Extrinsic motivation
Grades
Points
Money
Career
Exams
Outside motivation
Lepper 1973
Gave kids markers. They loved them
Took them away. Split them into groups of 3
G1- were told they’d get an award for playing
G2- weren’t told they were getting an award
G3- just played with the markers
The next day they put the markers back and the kids who came to expect an award didn’t play with them as much
Lepper conclusion on his markers experiment
When We try to figure out if we want to do something. We base that decision on past experience. If in the past it was done for a reward then maybe we decide it wasn’t enjoyable
Social dilemmas
A situation in which the behaviour creates the most positive outcomes for the individual might lead to long term consequences for the group as a whole
Prisoner’s dilemma
Basically split or steal but instead of money it’s with prison sentences
