Session 3 - Inequalities in Health Flashcards

1
Q

Give —- factors which effect health

A

Socioeconomic status
Ethnicity
Gender

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2
Q

What is social class?

A

A segment of the population, distinguished from others by similarities in labour market position and property relations

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3
Q

Give four different measurements of socioeconomic status

A

Individual
Area based
Education
Income

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4
Q

Give two example measures of individual socioeconomic classification

A

Regitrar general scheme

National statistic socio-economic classification

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5
Q

What is an area beased measure of socioeconomic status?

A

Townsend deprivation score

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6
Q

What is the townsend depriviation score?

A
o	Census data
o	4 variables
     	Unemployment
     	Car ownership
     	Overcrowded housing
     	Housing tenure
o	Limitations include heterogeneity and transient populations
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7
Q

Define ethnicity

A

The identification with a social group – membership of a collectivity – on the basis of shared values, beliefs, customs, traditions, language and lifestyles.

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8
Q

Give four health factors associated with ethnicitiy

A

ardiovascular Disease
o Highest percentage prevalence in men of South Asian origin
o Cancer
o Lower prevalence in Black Minority Ethnic (BME) groups
o Infant Mortality
o Higher rates in women of Pakistani and Black Caribbean origin
o Mental Health
o People from Black Minority Ethnic (BME) groups are more likely to be diagnosed with mental illness
o Highest reported percentage of poor mental health is in women of Pakistani and Black Caribbean origin

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9
Q

Compare three things about the life expectancies and health of men and women

A

Men - Higher mortality Women - Higher life expectancy
Men - More suicide and violent death Women - More mental health issues
Women - Higher rates of disability

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10
Q

Give four theories for health inequality as outline by the black report

A

Artefact explanation

Social selection explanation
Behavioural - Cultural explanation
Materialist explanation

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11
Q

What is an artefact explanation?

A

o Health inequalities are evident due to the way statistics are collected (measurement of class)
o Concern about the quality of data and method of measurement
o Mostly discredited as an explanation, as if anything data problems lead to under, not over estimation of inequalities.

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12
Q

What is a social selection explanation?

A

o Direction of causation is from health to social position
o Sick individuals move down social hierarchy, health individuals move up
o Chronically ill and disabled people are more likely to be disadvantaged
o Plausible explanation but contribution only minor

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13
Q

What is a behavioural-cultural explanation?

A

o Ill health is due to people’s choices/decisions, knowledge and goals
o People from disadvantaged background tend to engage in health-damaging behaviours, where people from advantaged backgrounds tend to engage in health-promoting behaviours.
o Useful explanation – e.g. Health Education
o Limitations of Behavioural-Cultural Explanation
 Behaviours are outcomes of social processes, not simply individual choice
 Choice may be difficult to exercise in adverse conditions
 Choice may be ration for those whose lives are constrained by their lack of resources

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14
Q

What is a materialist explanation?

A

o Inequalities in health arise from differential access to material resources
o Low income, unemployment, work environments, low control over job, poor housing conditions
o Lack of choice in exposure to hazards and adverse conditions
o Accumulation of factors across life-course
o Most Plausible
o Limitations of Materialist Explanation
o Further research needed as to precise routes through which material deprivation causes ill-health

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15
Q

Which is the most powerful of the four black report explanations?

A

The materialist

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16
Q

Define inequality

A

When things are different

17
Q

Define inequity

A

Inequalities that are unfair and avoidable

18
Q

Give two features of the healthcare of more deprived groups?

A

o Lower rates of use of Preventive (e.g. screening, asthma) and Specialist Services (e.g. cancer treatments)

19
Q

Outline how low socioeconomic status can affect access to healthcare

A

o Tendency to manage health as a series of crises
o Normalisation of ill health
o Event-based consulting may be required to legitimise consultations
o Difficulty marshalling the resources needed for negotiation and engagement with health services
o Tendency to use more ‘porous’ services
o Doctor’s judgements of technical and social eligibility affects referrals and offers

20
Q

Outline how being a member of an ethnic minority afffects access to healthcare

A

o Higher use of primary care (some groups)
o Higher use of mental health consultations (South African Female Elders)
o Lower receipt of specialist services
o Variations between and within ethnic groups; be careful to avoid simplistic classifications

o Language and Social Networks may deter help-seeking
o Stigmatisation and Stereotyping
o Association between ethnicity and socioeconomic status

21
Q

How do women access healthcare differently to men?

A

o Women have higher use of primary care

 Cultural expectations of what is gender appropriate