Session 3

Question 1

the ability to move the body from one position to another in a safe, efficient and independent manner

Answer 1

mobility

Question 2

Name 2 examples of dysfunction of mobility.

Answer 2

• movements may be difficult to initiate, sustain or control.
• movement is put above postural control, but person may not be able to execute movement or outcomes may be poor.

Question 3

• the ability to maintain the body at rest where the center of mass (COM) is over the person’s base of support (BOS).
• posture is steady with minimal sway, no balance loss, and no use of external supports.

Answer 3

stability aka static postural control

Question 4

name 5 examples of dysfunction of stability (Static postural control).

Answer 4

• person may widen their base of support (BOS)
• lowered center of mass
• increased use of postural sway (ankle, hip strategies)
• need for external support or device
• loss of balance or falls

Question 5

• the ability to sustain or maintain postural stability and the body’s COM over the BOS while the body is in motion.
• the ability to stabilize one’s posture without losing postural control
• dynamic ability to shift weight on weight bearing side while unweighting non-weight bearing side

Answer 5

controlled mobility aka dynamic postural control

Question 6

when you weight bear, you’re always in ____ on _____ side and ____ on _____ side.

Answer 6

extension, weight-bearing & flexion, unweighted

Question 7

name 3 examples of dysfunction of controlled mobility (dynamic postural control).

Answer 7

• falling due to postural instability.
• poor ability to control dynamic limb movements
• limited or decreased use of core or trunk muscles and proximal limbs which affects the ability to stabilize the core while performing distal use of limbs.

Question 8

the ability or action that is initiated by the person who has a specific goal or intention. the ability to coordinate the body and limbs or trunk and proximal segments (shoulder) while the distal segments perform separate actions (wrist and hand)

Answer 8

skill

Question 9

skill is ___ and ___ ___.

Answer 9

learning, task specific

Question 10

skilled movement requires ___ ___.

Answer 10

voluntary control

Question 11

involuntary movements are ___ skilled movements.

Answer 11

NOT

Question 12

skill indicates ___ of movement performance.

Answer 12

quality

Question 13

name 5 examples of dysfunction of skill.

Answer 13

• poorly coordinated movements
• poor accuracy (dysmetria)
• poor timing (ataxia)
• poor reversal of motions or rapid alternating motions (dysdiadochokinesia)
• inability to maintain normal righting reactions and equilibrium responses

Question 14

anterior pelvic tilt is due to what?

Answer 14

from tight hip flexors or quads

Question 15

posterior pelvic tilt is due to what?

Answer 15

from tight hamstrings, kyphotic thoracic trunk, increased LE muscle tone.

Question 16

name 8 common postural alignments in stroke.

Answer 16

• posterior pelvic tilt
• loss of lumbar lordosis (flattening)
• increased kyphosis
• pelvic obliquity through unequal weight bear
• lateral flexion
• rib cage rotation
• head and neck malalignment
• loss of dissociation

Question 17

• one side of the pelvis is higher than the other.

- due to asymmetry from muscle weakness or increased muscle tone.

Answer 17

pelvic obliquity

Question 18

obliquity is named for the side of the pelvis that is ___.

Answer 18

lower

Question 19

occurs when one side of the pelvis is more anterior or forward, resulting in asymmetry

Answer 19

pelvic rotation

Question 20

Name 2 normal strategies that we use to maintain postural control (postural control mechanisms).

Answer 20

• anticipatory or feed forward mechanism

- compensatory or feedback mechanism

Question 21

• postural adjustments that are made before movement.
• this mechanism is modified by experience and can improve with practice
• making adjustments to movement in anticipation to how you might have to move in that scenario

Answer 21

anticipatory or feed forward mechanism

Question 22

• involves postural adjustments that are made in response to sensory experience of balance.
• ankle and hip strategies
• making real time adjustments based on the current sensory experiences.

Answer 22

compensatory or feedback mechanism

Question 23

name the 3 afferent sources of the vestibular system.

Answer 23

• vestibular receptors (inner ear)
• proprioceptors
• eyes

Question 24

Describe the general sequence of the vestibular system.

Answer 24

1. vestibular receptors orient head and body in space.
2. resultant extensor muscle tone and motor control against gravity.
3. coordination of eye reflexes (VOR) and head movements (Stabilization of visual image on retina in response to head movement)

Question 25

Name 8 ways to position a pt in bed who had had a stroke.

Answer 25

• must ensure preservation of joint integrity.
• must prevent contractures from paralyzed or weak limbs/trunk.
• must allow for air circulation and pressure relief on bony prominences.
• may allow for the inhibition of hypertonicity or spasticity in trunk and limbs.
• do not use a stack of pillows, use one flat pillow.
• do not put pillows under the knees that hold them flexed, keep the knees straight.
• do not let calf muscle shorten, keep ankle flexible at least to a 90-degree angle.
• keep arms abducted from the body.

Question 26

Describe the function of the descending spinal cord tracts.

Answer 26

regulation of extensor muscle tone

Question 27

Describe the function of the ascending spinal cord tracts.

Answer 27

regulation of somatosensory input for balance (proprioception)