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Neuro Eval > Session 2 > Flashcards

Session 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is so important about having a strong theoretical base and the implications for the assessment process?

A

Theory only predicts phenomena about the physical world and normal/abnormal states

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2
Q

a set of integrated info deduced from theoretical info that forms the bases for problem-identification (assessment) and problem-resolution (treatment) relative to each of the underlying skills areas and ADL areas in the OT domain of concern.

A

Frame of Reference (FOR)

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3
Q
  • describes normal and abnormal states of phenomena or constructs/concepts
  • used to describe underlying skill areas that are assessed during evaluation process
A

static theory

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4
Q
  • describes theoretical postulates primarily about the learning process or change process
  • used during treatment process to delineate treatment principles to promote change in underlying impairments so that they become more functional.
A

dynamic theory

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5
Q
  • delineates all underlying skill areas and UIAs on a continuum.
  • provides for assessment procedures or scales
  • critical for determining baseline and levels of severity
  • used for goal-setting, treatment planning, and activity analysis
A

function-dysfunction continuua

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6
Q
  • problem-resolution detailing treatment principles
  • descriptive/prescriptive statements; general and specific guidelines
  • environmental set up for change process
A

postulates regarding change

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7
Q

supplies blood to the frontal lobe and the superior medial parietal lobe

A

anterior cerebral artery

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8
Q

supplies blood to the majority of the lateral surface of the cerebral hemisphere including most of the parietal and temporal lobes

A

middle cerebral artery

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9
Q

supplies blood to the occipital lobe

A

posterior cerebral artery

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10
Q

Describe the vertebral distribution of arteries of the brain (Circle of Willis).

A
  1. vertebral arteries become basilar artery.
  2. basilar artery becomes posterior cerebral artery.
  3. posterior cerebral artery becomes posterior communicating artery.
  4. posterior communicating artery becomes middle cerebral artery.
  5. middle cerebral artery to anterior communicating artery to anterior cerebral artery.
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11
Q

Describe primary to tertiary processing in the cerebral cortex.

A
  • parietal lobes: somatosensation
  • occipital lobes: vision
  • temporal lobes: audition and language
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12
Q

Describe tertiary to primary processing in the cerebral cortex.

A

-frontal lobes: motor

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13
Q

initiation of voluntary motor control or movement on a conscious or cortical level

A

primary motor cortex

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14
Q

movement on command or praxis aka motor planning involving cognition

A

premotor and supplementary motor areas

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15
Q

higher cognitive functions

A

prefrontal cortex aka orbitofrontal cortex

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16
Q

expressive speech production

A

broca’s area

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17
Q

what is the primary processing area of frontal lobe?

A

primary motor cortex

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18
Q

what is the secondary processing area of the frontal lobe?

A

premotor and supplementary motor areas

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19
Q

what is the tertiary processing area of the frontal lobe?

A

prefrontal cortex aka orbitofrontal cortex

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20
Q

initial reception of somatosensory or tactile senses

A

primary somatosensory cortex

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21
Q

interpretation and discriminative functions

A

secondary somatosensory association area

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22
Q

further refinement or perceptions and language comprehension

A

tertiary association areas/inferior parietal lobe

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23
Q

what is the primary processing area of the parietal lobe?

A

primary somatosensory cortex

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24
Q

what is the secondary processing area of the parietal lobe?

A

secondary somatosensory association area

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25
Q

what is the tertiary processing area of the parietal lobe?

A

tertiary association areas (inferior parietal lobe)

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26
Q

initial reception of auditory sensory info

A

primary auditory cortex

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27
Q

further refinement and language comprehension

A

wernicke’s area

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28
Q

where is wernicke’s area located?

A

secondary association area (usually left hemisphere)

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29
Q

n/a

A

n/a

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30
Q

what is the primary processing area of the temporal lobe?

A

primary auditory cortex

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31
Q

what is the secondary processing area of the temporal lobe?

A

secondary association area

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32
Q

what is the tertiary processing area of the temporal lobe?

A

middle and inferior temporal gyri

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33
Q

initial reception of visual sensory info

A

primary visual cortex

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34
Q
  • continuous with parahippocampal gyrus

- visual processing related to memory

A

secondary and tertiary association areas

35
Q

further refinement and interpretation for perception

A

secondary and tertiary association areas/rest of occipital lobe

36
Q

Name the 5 parts of the limbic lobes.

A
  • cingulate gyrus
  • parahippocampal gyrus
  • uncus
  • hippocampus
  • amygdala
37
Q

decision making

A

cingulate gyrus

38
Q

assigns value, monitors rewards and punishments, interprets and regulates emotions

A

anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)

39
Q

memory processing

A

parahippocampal gyrus and uncus

40
Q
  • critical for long term memory storage

- coordinates widespread brain function for memory storage

A

hippocampus

41
Q
  • seat of raw emotions, anger, fear, drives

- memory processing

A

amygdala

42
Q
  • highly influences and modulates motor output or voluntary movement BUT does not affect LMN
  • control is automatic, subcortical, or subconscious
  • automatic motor patterns or stereotypic motor functions
  • influences quality and control of movement
  • regulates posture and muscle tone on an unconscious level
A

basal ganglia

43
Q

what is the role of the basal ganglia?

A

quality and control of movement on an unconscious or subcortical level.

44
Q

the basal ganglia does not affect ____.

A

LMNs

45
Q

the control of the basal ganglia is ____.

A

automatic/subconscious

46
Q
  • regulates posture, balance, and coordination of trunk and limb movement.
  • integration of somatosensory, vestibular, and visual systems.
  • motor planning and coordination
  • connections with memory system
A

cerebellum

47
Q

what is the role of the cerebellum?

A

quality and control of movement on an unconscious or subcortical level (posture and balance)

48
Q

What does FAST stand for? (strokes)

A

Face
Arm
Speech
Time

49
Q

SUDDEN vascular insufficiency due to thrombus or embolus

A

ischemic stroke

50
Q

blood clot (usually atherosclerotic plaque)

A

thrombus

51
Q

foreign matter that “breaks off” and blocks artery

A

embolus

52
Q

name 3 factors that indicate the severity of a stroke.

A
  • size
  • distribution
  • tissue damage
53
Q

how long is the full recovery after a transient ischemic attack?

A

less than 24 hours

54
Q

trauma or bleed from a ruptured artery

A

intracerebral hemorrhage

55
Q

balloon like swelling of bifurcation of artery that grows and ruptures

A

aneurysm

56
Q

anastomoses btwn vein and artery that bleeds

A

arteriovenous malformation (congenital)

57
Q

name 5 effects of a middle cerebral artery (MCA) stroke of the LEFT hemisphere.

A
  • contralateral hemiplegia/hemiparesis (primary motor cortex)
  • contralateral hemisensory loss (primary somatosensory cortex)
  • wernicke’s aphasia
  • cognitive and perceptual deficits
  • apraxias: ideaomotor and ideational
58
Q

name 4 effects of a middle cerebral artery (MCA) stroke of the RIGHT hemisphere.

A
  • contralateral hemiplegia/hemiparesis (primary motor cortex)
  • contralateral hemisensory loss (primary somatosensory cortex)
  • perceptual deficits and left neglect syndromes (parietal lobe)
  • apraxias: ideomotor and ideational
59
Q

name 4 effects of a posterior cerebral artery (PCA) stroke.

A
  • memory deficits
  • visual and perceptual deficits
  • visual receptive sensory field deficits or visual field cuts
  • hemianopsias or anopsias vs neglect syndromes
60
Q

name 4 effects of an anterior cerebral artery (ACA) stroke.

A
  • contralateral hemiplegia/hemiparesis
  • contralateral hemisensory loss
  • cognitive and executive functions deficits
  • apraxias
61
Q

name 4 effects of a posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) lesion.

A
  • ipsilateral hypertonicity
  • vertigo
  • nausea
  • nystagmus
62
Q

name 8 effects of an anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) and superior cerebellar artery (SCA) lesion.

A
  • ipsilateral hypertonicity
  • incoordination
  • intention tremor
  • impaired muscle tone
  • dysmetria
  • dysdiadochokinesia
  • dysarthria
  • ataxia
63
Q

name 5 effects of a brainstem (vertebral) artery lesion.

A
  • visual deficits
  • ataxic gait
  • cranial nerve damage
  • vegetative state
  • coma
64
Q
  • emergence of primitive reflexes
  • spontaneous eye opening
  • arousal present yet not interactive purposefully with environment
A

vegetative state

65
Q

lesion in reticular formation

A

coma

66
Q

where in the brain does damage occur during Parkinson’s Disease and Parkinson’s Syndrome

A

basal ganglia - damage to the pathway for dopamine

67
Q

increased hypertonicity and intermittent breaks in muscle tone

A

cogwheel rigidity

68
Q

slowed movement and increased hypertonicity

A

bradykinesia

69
Q

involuntary or oscillations at rest

A

resting tremor

70
Q

poor initiation or termination of movement

A

festinating gait

71
Q

impaired righting and equilibrium responses

A

poor posture and postural control

72
Q

poor follow through of movement

A

masked face, micrographia, decreased reciprocal arm swing

73
Q

Name 8 effects of Parkinson’s Disease.

A
  • cogwheel rigidity
  • bradykinesia
  • resting tremor
  • festinating gait
  • poor posture and postural control
  • masked face
  • micrographia
  • decreased reciprocal arm swing
74
Q

involved in precise timing, coordination of multiple muscle groups, praxis

A

cerebellum

75
Q

which effects occur secondary to loss of proprioception in disorders of the cerebellum?

A

ataxia and ataxic gait

76
Q

over or undershooting with targets

A

dysmetria

77
Q

impaired alternating reciprocal movements

A

disdiadochokinesia

78
Q

increased incoordination as approaching target

A

intention tremor

79
Q

difficulty regulating speed of movement

A

rebound phenomenon

80
Q

Name 5 effects of disorders of the cerebellum.

A
  • ataxia and ataxic giat
  • dysmetria
  • disdiadochokinesia
  • intention tremor
  • rebound phenomenon
81
Q

the process through which the therapist notes observable or objective behaviors that can be physically seen, heard, or touched; or behavior that is usually seen, heard, felt

A

observation

82
Q

Why is it important to have strong, keen, careful observation skills?

A
  • must first know typical/functional or normal presentation

- so that you can tell the difference between typical/functional presentation and dysfunctional/abnormal presentation.

83
Q

name 2 reasons why observable behaviors are highly critical.

A
  • determine how you will grade up or grade down your treatment session (activity synthesis) - adjustment of the human and non-human environment
  • become the content that makes up your progress notes and what you state as the “change process” or improvement that is reimbursable.

Neuro Eval (20 decks)

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