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Personality Disorders > Session 1 > Flashcards

Session 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Paranoid personality disorder (definition)

A

A pattern of distrust and suspiciousness such that others’ motives are interpreted as
malevolent

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2
Q

Schizoid personality disorder (definition)

A

A pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of emotional
expression

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3
Q

Schizotypal personality disorder (definition)

A

A pattern of acute discomfort in close relationships, cognitive or perceptual distortions, and
eccentricities of behavior

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4
Q

Antisocial personality disorder (definition)

A

A pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others

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5
Q

Borderline personality disorder (definition)

A

A pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked
impulsivity

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6
Q

Histrionic personality disorder (definition)

A

A pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking

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7
Q

Narcissistic personality disorder (definition)

A

A pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy

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8
Q

Avoidant personality disorder (definition)

A

A pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative
evaluation

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9
Q

Dependent personality disorder (definition)

A

A pattern of submissive and clinging behavior related to an excessive need to be taken care
of

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10
Q

Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (definition)

A

A pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and control

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11
Q

Cluster A

A

Paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders = individuals appear odd or eccentric (5.7%)

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12
Q

Cluster B

A

Antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders = individuals appear dramatic, emotional, or erratic (1.5%)

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13
Q

Cluster C

A

Avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders = individuals appear anxious or fearful (6.0%)

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14
Q

What’s the prevalence for any PD?

A

9.1% (in US adults: 15%)

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15
Q

Personality disorder (definition)

A

An enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual’s culture

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16
Q

Personality disorder (characteristics, 5)

A

Inflexible, pervasive across a broad range of situations, leads to distress or impairment, is stable and of long duration (onset: adolescence/young adulthood), is not better explained by other causes, is not attributable to substance use or medical conditions

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17
Q

Personality traits vs. disorder

A

Personality traits = enduring patterns of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about the environment and oneself. When these become so pronounced, rigid and maladaptive that they cause distress at work/interpersonally = personality disorder

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18
Q

Development and course of PD

A

Onset: adolescence/young adulthood

Enduring pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving that is relatively stable over time

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19
Q

Gender differences in PD diagnosis

A

Some PDs (e.g antisocial personality disorder) are diagnosed more frequently in males, and others (e.g., borderline, histrionic, and dependent personality disorder) are diagnosed more frequently in females.

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20
Q

Differential diagnosis

A

The following diagnoses have to be considered: SUD, PTSD, medical conditions (head trauma e.g.)
Be cautious in diagnosing during an episode of a depressive or anxiety disorder
For Cluster A PDs, pay attention to psychosis-related disorders (schizophrenia, bipolar/depressive disorder with psychotic features)

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21
Q

Paranoid PD (characteristics)

A

A. Distrust, suspiciousness (preoccupation with loyalty of others, is reluctant to confide in others, bears grudges, reads hidden threatening meanings into things, likely to perceive attacks on their character/reputation)
B. Does not occur exclusively during the course of schizophrenia, a bipolar disorder or depressive disorder with psychotic features, or
another psychotic disorder and is not attributable to the physiological effects of another medical condition.

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22
Q

Paranoid PD (diagnostic features)

A

Pattern of pervasive distrust and suspiciousness, which begins in early adulthood and is present in a variety of contexts

23
Q

Schizoid PD (characteristics)

A

A. Detachment from social relationships and restricted range of expression of emotions (does not desire or enjoy close relationships, chooses solitary activities, has little interest in having sexual experiences, takes pleasure in few activities, lacks close friends, appears indifferent to praise/criticism of others, shows emotional coldness
B. Does not occur exclusively during the course of schizophrenia, a bipolar disorder or depressive disorder with psychotic features,
another psychotic disorder, or autism spectrum disorder and is not attributable to the physiological effects of another medical
condition.

24
Q

Schizoid PD (diagnostic features)

A

Pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and restricted range of expression of emotions.

25
Q

Schizoid PD (differential diagnosis)

A

Can be distinguished from delusional disorder, schizophrenia, and a bipolar or depressive
disorder with psychotic features because these disorders are all characterized by a period of persistent psychotic symptoms (e.g.,
delusions and hallucinations).
• There may be great difficulty differentiating individuals with schizoid PD from those with milder forms of autism
spectrum disorder, which may be differentiated by more severely impaired social interaction and stereotyped behaviors and
interests

26
Q

Schizotypal PD (characteristics)

A

A. Social and interpersonal deficits marked by acute discomfort + reduced capacity for close relationships. Also include perceptual distortions and eccentricities of behavior (magical thinking, bodily illusions, odd thinking and speech, suspiciousness or paranoid ideation, constricted affect, lack of close friends, excessive social anxiety associated with paranoid fears)
B. Does not occur exclusively during the course of schizophrenia, a bipolar disorder or depressive disorder with psychotic features,
another psychotic disorder, or autism spectrum disorder

27
Q

Schizotypal PD (Diagnostic features)

A

A pervasive pattern of social and interpersonal deficits marked by
acute discomfort with, and reduced capacity for, close relationships as well as by cognitive or perceptual distortions and
eccentricities of behavior.

28
Q

Ideas of references

A

Incorrect interpretations of casual incidents and external events as having a particular and unusual meaning
specifically for the person

29
Q

Delusions of reference ( Schizotypal PD)

A

Ideas of references are held with delusional conviction

30
Q

Schizotypal PD (development and course)

A 
Stable course (only small proportion develops schizophrenia/another psychotic disorder)
In childhood/adolescence: solitariness, poor peer relationships, social anxiety,
underachievement in school, hypersensitivity, peculiar thoughts and language, and bizarre fantasies.
31
Q

Antisocial PD (characteristics)

A

A. disregard for and violation of the rights of others, since the age of 15 (failure to conform to social norms, deceitfulness, impulsivity, irritability and aggressiveness, irresponsibility, lack of remorse)
B. at least 18 y/o
C. evidence of conduct disorder with onset before 15 y/o
D. The occurrence of antisocial behavior is not exclusively during the course of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder

32
Q

Antisocial PD (diagnostic features)

A

pervasive pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood;
has been referred to as psychopathy, sociopathy or dissocial PD;

33
Q

Conduct disorder (related to ASPD)

A

A repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate
societal norms or rules are violated

34
Q

Antisocial PD (development and course)

A

Has a chronic course but may become less evident or remit as the individual grows older,
particularly by the fourth decade of life.

35
Q

ASPD (differential diagnosis)

A

Not diagnosis before age of 18, after that a diagnosis of conduct disorder is only given if client does not meet ASPD criteria

36
Q

Borderline PD (characteristics)

A

Instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity,
beginning by early adulthood (frantic efforts to avoid real/imagined abandonment, unstable relationships, identity disturbance, impulsivity that is self-damaging, recurrent suicidal behavior or self-mutilation, affective instability, chronic feelings of emptiness, anger, paranoid ideation/severe dissociative symptoms)

37
Q

BPD (development and course)

A

Considerable variability in the course of BPD.
The most common pattern is one of chronic instability in early adulthood, with episodes of serious affective and impulsive
lack of control and high levels of use of health and mental health resources.
Usually lifelong, but can attain greater stability in relationships and work later on.

38
Q

BPD (differential diagnosis)

A

Often co-occurs with depressive or bipolar disorders.

39
Q

Histrionic PD (characteristics)

A

Excessive emotionality and attention-seeking, beginning by early adulthood (uncomfortable when they’re not the center of attention, often sexually seductive or provocative behavior, rapidly shifting and shallow expression of emotions, uses physical appearance to draw attention to oneself, excessively impressionistic speech, shows self-dramatization and exaggerated expression of emotion, is suggestible, considers relationships more intimate than they actually are)

40
Q

Narcissistic PD (characteristics)

A

Grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy, beginning in early adulthood (sense of self-importance, fantasies of unlimited success, believes they are “special”, require excessive admiration, sense of entitlement, is exploitative, lacks empathy, envious of others and arrogant.

41
Q

Narcissistic PD (development and course)

A

Narcissistic traits may be particularly common in adolescents and do not necessarily indicate that the individual will go on to have
narcissistic personality disorder. May have special difficulties adjusting to the onset of physical and occupational limitations that are inherent in the aging process. Of those diagnosed, 50-75% are male

42
Q

Narcissistic PD (differential diagnosis)

A

Grandiosity may emerge as part of a manic or hypomanic episode, but the association with mood change or functional impairments helps distinguish these episodes from narcissistic PD.

43
Q

Avoidant PD (characteristics)

A

Social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation, beginning by early adulthood (avoids activities due to fear of criticism, unwilling to get involved with people unless certain of being liked, fears being shamed or ridiculed, is preoccupied with being criticized, rejected or seen as inadequate, views self as socially inept, reluctant to take personal risks.

44
Q

Avoidant PD (development and course)

A

Often starts in childhood with shyness, isolation and fear of strangers. Some evidence that in adults it tends to become less evident or to remit with age

45
Q

Avoidant PD (differential diagnosis)

A

There appears to be a great deal of overlap between avoidant PD and social anxiety disorder (social phobia), so much so that they
may be alternative conceptualizations of the same or similar conditions.

46
Q

Dependent PD (characteristics)

A

Need to be taken care of that leads to submissive and clinging behavior and fears of separation, beginning by early adulthood (difficulties making everyday decisions w/o excessive amount of advice, needs others to assume responsibility, difficulty expressing disagreement with other bc of fear of loss of support, difficulty initiating projects, goes to excessive lengths to obtain nurturance, feels helpless when alone, urgently seeks another relationship when one ends, is unrealistically preoccupied with fears of being left to take care of themselves)

47
Q

Dependent PD (development and course)

A

This diagnosis should be used with great caution, if at all, in children and adolescents, for whom dependent behavior may be
developmentally appropriate.

48
Q

Obsessive-compulsive PD (characteristics)

A

Preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and mental and interpersonal control, at the expense of flexibility (preoccupied with details/rules/lists etc. to the extent that the major point of the activity is lost, shows perfectionism that interferes with task completion, excessively devoted to work and productivity, over-conscientious and inflexible about matters of morality/ethics/values, unable to discard worthless objects w/o sentimental value, reluctant to delegate tasks, adopts a miserly spending style, shows rigidity and stubbornness.

49
Q

OCPD (prevalence)

A

One of the most prevalent PDs in the general population, with estimated prevalence ranging from 2.1% go 7.9%.
Diagnosed about twice as often among males.

50
Q

OCPD (differential diagnosis)

A

OCD is usually easily distinguished from OCPD by the presence of true obsessions and compulsions in OCD.
A diagnosis of hoarding disorder should be considered especially when hoarding is extreme

51
Q

What are the 3 P’s of PD?

A

Persistent (over time), Pervasive (across different contexts), Pathological (markedly deviates from normal)

52
Q

Etiology of PD

A

Diathesis-stress model (vulnerability to PD + Stressors -> PD development)

53
Q

What is the prevalence for each PD cluster?

A

Cluster A: 5%
Cluster B: 1.5%
Cluster C: 6%

Personality Disorders (10 decks)

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