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mycology > Serous Fluid > Flashcards

Serous Fluid Flashcards

1
Q

each closed cavity is lined by 2 membranes known as

A

serous membranes

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2
Q

what are the 3 closed cavities

A

pleural, peritoneal, and pericardial

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3
Q

pleural fluid

A

found in lungs

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4
Q

peritoneal fluid

A

found in intestinal tract

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5
Q

pericardial fluid

A

from the heart

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6
Q

Under normal conditions all of these 3 fluids will have 2 different membranes that help to keep them contained

A

visceral and parietal layer

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7
Q

visceral layer

A

covers the organs

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8
Q

parietal layer

A

lines the cavities on the outside

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9
Q

normal fluid at all times is

A

clear, non clotted, viscosity of water

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10
Q

normally all fluid should be

A

self contained, provide lubrication, relatively in small amounts (because reduction and reabsorption take place at same time), very little fluid able to aspirate

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11
Q

the presence or buildup of fluid always mean

A

something is wrong

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12
Q

build up of fluid is called

A

effusion

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13
Q

effusion can happen because

A

change in osmotic pressure- due to albumin
change in chemical composition
increase in permeability of blood vessels

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14
Q

transudate

A

non inflammatory fluid that may be caused by mechanical factors affecting formation and reabsorption of fluids

membranes still in tact

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15
Q

in transudate ________ in hydrostatic pressure

A

increase

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16
Q

in transudate _______ in colloid pressure

A

decrease

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17
Q

biggest reason for transudate

A

congestive heart failure

other reasons
kidney disease (albumin is lost)
cirrhosis of the liver (albumin not being made)

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18
Q

other characteristics of transudate

A

clear fluids, no clots, protein levels <3 g/dL and this makes specific gravity lower as well (<1.015), LDH <200, total protein ratio <0.5 (total protein in fluid/ total protein in serum), # WBCs <1000/ mL, <25 % neutrophils

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19
Q

exudate

A

inflammatory effusions caused by damage to one of the membranes

caused by acute or chronic

20
Q

in exudate the _____ is compromised which makes it more serious

A

membrane

21
Q

other characteristics of exudate

A

○ High protein >3.0 grams/dL
○ Specific gravity >1.015
○ LDH >200
○ Total protein ratio >5??
○ Increased WBCs >1000/mL
Increased in whatever cell is causing the transudate be formed

22
Q

color of exudate fluid

A

milky, yellowish, red, some clotting

depends on whats happening

23
Q

how do we draw fluid out?

A

via needle aspiration guided by ultrasounds

24
Q

name of draw fluid from any body cavity

A

paracentesis

reason: examine the fluid and get as much fluid off the organ

25
Q

most common reason for buildup of fluid in plural fluid

A

congestive heart failure

26
Q

drawing out plural fluid is called

A

thoracentesis

27
Q

for pleural fluid if upon testing its a transudate you do not have to do

A

cell counts or culture because membrane in tact

28
Q

if there is an increase in pleural fluid

A

pneumonia and exudate because bacterial infection

29
Q

what other testing can be done of plural fluid

A

cholesterol levels

it is transudate if <60?

30
Q

if fluid is milky in pleural fluid =

A

chyle

31
Q

what does chyle consist of

A

lymph, chylomicron, and triglycerides

32
Q

if chyle is present there is a leak in

A

thoracic duct (chylothorax)

33
Q

if true chyle specimen the triglyceride level is

A

> 110 mg/dL

if use sudan 3 stain + because trigs

34
Q

pseudo-chylous effusion is seen in

A

chronic conditions such as TB and RA

35
Q

pseudo-chylous has increased presence of

A

cholesterol
also see cholesterol crystals
sudan 3 -
trigs <50

36
Q

pH testing can be done on

A

pleural fluid

decrease in pH= pneumonia
increase in pH= malignancies

37
Q

ph below 6 is associated with

A

esophilg??

if not treated esophagus will rupture

you have gastric fluid buildup because stomach acid

38
Q

amylase testing can be done on

A

pleural fluid

increased amylase is seen in pancreatitis

-this can be first indication of pancreatic condition

39
Q

1 reason for buildup of peritoneal fluid

A

alcoholic cirrhosis of liver

2- malignancies

40
Q

build up of peritoneal fluid=

A

ascites

41
Q

testing done in peritoneal fluid

A

alkaline phosphate- increases indicate obstruction

also look for amylase?

42
Q

1 reason for drawing pericardial fluid

A

congestive heart failure - transudate

43
Q

bacterial infections surrounding the heart

A

endocarditis

44
Q

main bacterial cause around heart

A

strep viridans

factor= surgery can cause infection

45
Q

1 reason we see blood in pericardial fluid

A

mis dosage of anti-coag drugs

-another reason is malignancies

mycology (7 decks)

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