Serous Fluid

Question 1

each closed cavity is lined by 2 membranes known as

Answer 1

serous membranes

Question 2

what are the 3 closed cavities

Answer 2

pleural, peritoneal, and pericardial

Question 3

pleural fluid

Answer 3

found in lungs

Question 4

peritoneal fluid

Answer 4

found in intestinal tract

Question 5

pericardial fluid

Answer 5

from the heart

Question 6

Under normal conditions all of these 3 fluids will have 2 different membranes that help to keep them contained

Answer 6

visceral and parietal layer

Question 7

visceral layer

Answer 7

covers the organs

Question 8

parietal layer

Answer 8

lines the cavities on the outside

Question 9

normal fluid at all times is

Answer 9

clear, non clotted, viscosity of water

Question 10

normally all fluid should be

Answer 10

self contained, provide lubrication, relatively in small amounts (because reduction and reabsorption take place at same time), very little fluid able to aspirate

Question 11

the presence or buildup of fluid always mean

Answer 11

something is wrong

Question 12

build up of fluid is called

Answer 12

effusion

Question 13

effusion can happen because

Answer 13

change in osmotic pressure- due to albumin
change in chemical composition
increase in permeability of blood vessels

Question 14

transudate

Answer 14

non inflammatory fluid that may be caused by mechanical factors affecting formation and reabsorption of fluids

membranes still in tact

Question 15

in transudate ________ in hydrostatic pressure

Answer 15

increase

Question 16

in transudate _______ in colloid pressure

Answer 16

decrease

Question 17

biggest reason for transudate

Answer 17

congestive heart failure

other reasons
kidney disease (albumin is lost)
cirrhosis of the liver (albumin not being made)

Question 18

other characteristics of transudate

Answer 18

clear fluids, no clots, protein levels <3 g/dL and this makes specific gravity lower as well (<1.015), LDH <200, total protein ratio <0.5 (total protein in fluid/ total protein in serum), # WBCs <1000/ mL, <25 % neutrophils

Question 19

exudate

Answer 19

inflammatory effusions caused by damage to one of the membranes

caused by acute or chronic

Question 20

in exudate the _____ is compromised which makes it more serious

Answer 20

membrane

Question 21

other characteristics of exudate

Answer 21

○ High protein >3.0 grams/dL
○ Specific gravity >1.015
○ LDH >200
○ Total protein ratio >5??
○ Increased WBCs >1000/mL
Increased in whatever cell is causing the transudate be formed

Question 22

color of exudate fluid

Answer 22

milky, yellowish, red, some clotting

depends on whats happening

Question 23

how do we draw fluid out?

Answer 23

via needle aspiration guided by ultrasounds

Question 24

name of draw fluid from any body cavity

Answer 24

paracentesis

reason: examine the fluid and get as much fluid off the organ

Question 25

most common reason for buildup of fluid in plural fluid

Answer 25

congestive heart failure

Question 26

drawing out plural fluid is called

Answer 26

thoracentesis

Question 27

for pleural fluid if upon testing its a transudate you do not have to do

Answer 27

cell counts or culture because membrane in tact

Question 28

if there is an increase in pleural fluid

Answer 28

pneumonia and exudate because bacterial infection

Question 29

what other testing can be done of plural fluid

Answer 29

cholesterol levels it is transudate if <60?

Question 30

if fluid is milky in pleural fluid =

Answer 30

chyle

Question 31

what does chyle consist of

Answer 31

lymph, chylomicron, and triglycerides

Question 32

if chyle is present there is a leak in

Answer 32

thoracic duct (chylothorax)

Question 33

if true chyle specimen the triglyceride level is

Answer 33

>110 mg/dL if use sudan 3 stain + because trigs

Question 34

pseudo-chylous effusion is seen in

Answer 34

chronic conditions such as TB and RA

Question 35

pseudo-chylous has increased presence of

Answer 35

cholesterol also see cholesterol crystals sudan 3 - trigs <50

Question 36

pH testing can be done on

Answer 36

pleural fluid decrease in pH= pneumonia increase in pH= malignancies

Question 37

ph below 6 is associated with

Answer 37

esophilg?? if not treated esophagus will rupture you have gastric fluid buildup because stomach acid

Question 38

amylase testing can be done on

Answer 38

pleural fluid increased amylase is seen in pancreatitis -this can be first indication of pancreatic condition

Question 39

#1 reason for buildup of peritoneal fluid

Answer 39

alcoholic cirrhosis of liver 2- malignancies

Question 40

build up of peritoneal fluid=

Answer 40

ascites

Question 41

testing done in peritoneal fluid

Answer 41

alkaline phosphate- increases indicate obstruction also look for amylase?

Question 42

#1 reason for drawing pericardial fluid

Answer 42

congestive heart failure - transudate

Question 43

bacterial infections surrounding the heart

Answer 43

endocarditis

Question 44

main bacterial cause around heart

Answer 44

strep viridans factor= surgery can cause infection

Question 45

#1 reason we see blood in pericardial fluid

Answer 45

mis dosage of anti-coag drugs -another reason is malignancies