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Languid meaning > Sep 6, 11, 13, 18 and 20 > Flashcards

Sep 6, 11, 13, 18 and 20 Flashcards

1
Q

What is linguistics?

A

the study of language

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2
Q

What is a language?

A

a system of sounds, words, sentences, gestures, and/or meanings

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3
Q

What is language used for?

A

to communicate

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4
Q

What is the difference between language and a language?

A

system of communication
vs.
specific system common to a group of people

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5
Q

What does linguistics see language as?

A

a system

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6
Q

What does applied linguistics see language as?

A

a context

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7
Q

What are areas of context in applied linguistics?

A 
language learning and teaching
bilingualism
discourse
writing
literacy
language and power
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8
Q

Language is (1)…

A

a complex system

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9
Q

Language is (2)…

A

uniquely human

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10
Q

Language is (3)…

A

a cognitive science (of the mind)

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11
Q

What is IPA?

A

the International Phonetic Alphabet

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12
Q

What is involved with language and the mind?

A

sound that pertains to meaning

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13
Q

What are components of a language?

A

sounds, words, sentences and meanings

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14
Q

what are rules of a language?

A

explains patterns

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15
Q

What do English speakers of linguistics study beyond English?

A

language universals and differences

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16
Q

What is linguistic knowledge (mainly)?

A

the relationship between sound and meaning

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17
Q

What is linguistic knowledge (2)?

A

mostly arbitrary

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18
Q

What is linguistic knowledge (3)?

A

sometimes iconic

e.g. onomatopoeia (buzz), sound symbolism (snot, snooze relating to the nose)

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19
Q

what is phonetics and phonology?

A

the study of sounds

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20
Q

What are the specific components of phonetics (1st)?

A

inventory

e.g. sock vs. Bach

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21
Q

What are the specific components of phonetics (2nd)?

A

combinations

e.g. (spaff vs. *fsap)

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22
Q

What does the * symbol refer to in linguistics?

A

an ungrammatical word or phrase

e.g. *dog sleeps the

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23
Q

What is morphology?

A

the study of words

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24
Q

What are the specific components of morphology (1st)?

A

lexicon (mental dictionary)

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25
Q

What are the specific components of morphology (2nd)?

A

lexical categories (noun, verb, adjective, adverb…)

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26
Q

What are the specific components of morphology (3rd)?

A

internal structure

  • understand: “ungiraffelike”
  • construct: “treat-ment”
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27
Q

What is syntax?

A

sentence structure
e.g. The groom carries the bride vs.
The bride carries the groom
(a picture of the latter, so the 2nd sentence makes sense)

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28
Q

What is the typical syntax for English?

A

subject-verb-object

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29
Q

What language syntax uses subject-object-verb?

A

Latin

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30
Q

What is semantics?

A

word meaning (that speakers agree on), as well as word relations (e.g. synonyms, antonyms, etc.), as well as sentence meaning (truth, anomaly - not making sense, metaphor, etc), sentence relations (logic trails ===

e. g. 1. John has a poodle, therefore John has a dog.
2. John has a dog.
* John has a poodle

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31
Q

What is the use of language?

A

pragmatics, or language in context

e.g. statements that can be factual, or ironic (“that was a really smart thing to do”

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32
Q

What are the components and rules of a language?

A

grammar

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33
Q

What exists in the minds of its speakers, and is of most interest to linguists, as opposed to spoken grammar?

A

mental grammar (competence)

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34
Q

Who uses mental grammar?

A

supposedly just humans

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35
Q

What does mental grammar enable us to do?

A

allows us to form and interpret words and sentences as well as allows us to communicate

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36
Q

Who penned that language is unique to humans and develops too rapidly to be simply learned?

A

Noam Chomsky

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37
Q

What is universal grammar (1)?

A

innate set of linguistic principles shared by all humans

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38
Q

What is universal grammar (2)?

A

biologically programmed to learn language

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39
Q

What is a specific language?

A

universal grammar + language input data

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40
Q

Does mental competence and performance correspond?

A

not always

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41
Q

Why do linguists study competence?

A

because people make mistakes (affected by memory, slips of the tongue, etc.), and it is interesting to learn the science of how the brain manifests particular language to communicate

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42
Q

What is prescriptive grammar?

A

prescribed by grammarians, and considered judgmental of a language

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43
Q

What is descriptive grammar?

A

describes one’s linguistic knowledge or rules according to particular dialect and does not suggest corrections but studies are done on what it is

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44
Q

What is AAE, and MAE?

A

African American English, and Mainstream American English

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45
Q

What is a linguistic perspective to the AAE and MAE video (AAE Jeopardy)?

A

descriptive grammar’s features, and differences betwen AAE and MAE

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46
Q

What is a applied linguistic perspective to the AAE and MAE video?

A

first language and second language acquisition and sociolinguistics

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47
Q

What kind of verb is “to be”?

A

a copula verb

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48
Q

What languages are similar to AAE?

A

Japanese (no 3rd person singular agreement (“My grandpa cook dinner every night”, no verb “to be” (“He funny”), and double negatives used (“We don’t have nothin’ to do”), and Dyirbal (Australia) has no past tense markers (“Last night, we bake cookies”)

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49
Q

What are linguistic subdisciplines?

A 
first language acquisition
second language acquisition
sociolinguistics
psycholinguistics
endangered languages
language and computers
forensic linguistics
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50
Q

What is the theory of grammar?

A

a process of deduction in order to figure out a speaker’s competence based on the speaker’s performance (without being able to observe mental grammar directly)

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51
Q

What are the rules of the scientific method for linguistics?

A

a. construct theory based on linguistic data
b. test theory on more data
c. revise theory if necessary, and go back to b

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52
Q

What example did we use for studying the scientific study of language?

A 
"How do we form the English plural?"
e.g. 
cup (s)
car (z)
church (iz)...
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53
Q

What is phonetics?

A

the study of speech sounds

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54
Q

what is articulatory phonetics?

A

the study of sound PRODUCTION

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55
Q

What is acoustic phonetics?

A

study of speech transmission and physical properties

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56
Q

what is auditory phonetics?

A

study of speech perception

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57
Q

In articulatory phonetics, how do letters differ?

A

in the place and manner of their articulation

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58
Q

How is sound produced?

A

through the movement of air

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59
Q

Where does sound production start?

A

from the lungs as an air source

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60
Q

Following the expulsion of air from the lungs, how does sound continue in its production?

A

through the larynx (sound source)

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61
Q

Following the expulsion of air through the larynx, how does sound continue in its production?

A

through the pharynx (acts as a sound filter)

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62
Q

Following the expulsion of air through the pharynx, , how does sound continue in its production?

A

through the oral/nasal cavity (acts as other filters)

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63
Q

What is the order of physical structures used in sound production?

A 
lips
teeth
tongue
alveolar ridge
nostril
nasal cavvity
hard palate
oral cavity
soft palate
uvula 
pharynx
epiglottis
larynx
glottis
lungs
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64
Q

What is the phrase to remember when thinking about the various parts of the sound production system?

A 
lips - let's
teeth - try
tongue - talking
alveolar ridge - about
nose - new
nasal cavity - nighttime
hard palate - habits
oral cavity - or
soft palate - stuff
uvula - understood
pharynx - private,
epiglottis - even
larynx - labelled
glottis - generally
lungs - iLlegal
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65
Q

What is the speech production system phrase?

A

Let’s go leave everything plastered unless very obviously high, ‘n not attempt to try leaving

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66
Q

When the vocal folds are closed, is it voiced or voiceless (glottal state)?

A

when they’re closed it’s voiced (the folds vibrate)

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67
Q

When the vocal folds are open, is it voiced or voiceless (glottal state)?

A

it is voiceless because the folds do NOT vibrate

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68
Q

Where is the larynx

A

at the top of the trachea (wind pipe)

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69
Q

What is the larynx mostly made of?

A

mostly cartilage

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70
Q

What does the larynx contain?

A

vocal folds (2 bands of muscle)

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71
Q

What do the vocal folds do?

A

modulate air flow

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72
Q

What is the glottis?

A

an opening between the vocal folds

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73
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

it connects the larynx to the oral cavity

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74
Q

What is a whisper?

A

a form of voicelessness

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75
Q

How are whispers created?

A

using anterior (front) portions of vocal folds which close together

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76
Q

What are the two major classes of sounds for universal grammar?

A

consonants and vowels

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77
Q

How are consonants created?

A

with the complete closure or narrowing of the vocal cords

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78
Q

How is airflow used when creating consonants?

A

airflow is blocked momentarily or restricted

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79
Q

Are consonants voiced or voiceless?

A

both

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80
Q

How are vowels created?

A

with little obstruction in the vocal tract

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81
Q

Are vowels voiced or voiceless?

A

mostly voiced

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82
Q

Are vowels short and quiet or long and loud?

A

long and loud

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83
Q

What do vowels make up in a sentence?

A

the nucleus of the syllable/s

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84
Q

What is the IPA?

A

a universal system for transcribing speech developed by the International Phonetic Association

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85
Q

What symbols are mostly used in IPA?

A

mostly those of the Roman alphabet

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86
Q

What symbols are used in addition to the Roman alphabet?

A

ʃ, θ, ð, ʌ, ɛ, ʊ

shh, theta, thy, ah, eh, oh

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87
Q

What is the major attraction of the IPA?

A

one sound equals one symbol

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88
Q

How does the oral system differ in the IPA from the written system?

A

in the former, one sound equals one symbol, whereas in the written system it can differ

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89
Q

What is a written system example of one sound with different letters?

A

i, ei, ie, ee, …

90
Q

What is a written system example of one letter, different sounds?

A

c, s

91
Q

What is a written system example of one sound, different combo of letters?

A

ea, oe, …

92
Q

What is a written system example of one letter, a combo of sounds?

A

x, kx,

93
Q

What is a written system example of one letter, no sound?

A

pt (“t”), ps (“s”)

94
Q

What is are the advantages of the IPA (1)?

A

spelling is irrelevant

95
Q

What is are the advantages of the IPA (2)?

A

it is consistent across all languages

96
Q

What is the equivalent in IPA for North American phonetics for š?

A

ʃ (“sh”)

97
Q

What is the equivalent in IPA for North American phonetics for ž?

A

ʒ (“rouGE”)

98
Q

What is the equivalent in IPA for North American phonetics for č?

A

ʧ (“CHeddar”)?

99
Q

What is the equivalent in IPA for North American phonetics for j̆?

A

ʤ (“minGE”)

100
Q

What is the purpose of syllabic consonants?

A

forms the nucleus of a syllable

101
Q

What are different versions of phonetic symbols?

A

diacritic symbols ?

102
Q

How are consonants articulated?

A

through the restriction or closure in the vocal tract

103
Q

How is the production of consonants determined (1)?

A

by the place of articulation in the oral cavity

104
Q

How is the production of consonants determined (2)?

A

through the manner of articulation (how airstream is affected)

105
Q

What is bilabial articulation?

A

lips are pressed together

106
Q

What is labiodental articulation?

A

upper teeth and lower lip meet

107
Q

What is interdental articulation?

A

the tongue and the teeth meet

108
Q

What is alveolar articulation?

A

the front part of the tongue hits the alveolar ridge (the hard ridge on the roof of the mouth)

109
Q

What is post-alveolar articulation?

A

the tongue hits just behind the alveolar ridge

110
Q

What is palatal articulation?

A

the body of the tongue hits the hard palate

111
Q

What is velar articulation?

A

the back of the tongue hits the velum (soft area at the back of the roof o fthe mouth)
e.g., [x] Bach

112
Q

What are the different types of velar articulation?

A

labiovelar [w] and rounded velar [ʍ]

113
Q

What is glottal articulation?

A

vocal folds are the primary articulators

114
Q

How can glottal articulation differ?

A

glottis opens completely [h], or the vocal folds are tightly closed [ʔ like “uh_oh”]

115
Q

How are these symbols articulated the same? [t], [d], [n], [s], [z], [l], [ɹ]

A

they have the same place of articulation

116
Q

How are these symbols articulated differently? [t], [d], [n], [s], [z], [l], [ɹ]

A

through a different manner of articulation (how airstream is modified in vocal tract)

117
Q

What comprises a voiced manner?

A

vocal folds CLOSE together causing air to vibrate

e.g., [b] [w] [d] [z]

118
Q

What comprises a voiceless manner?

A

vocal folds are pulled apart allowing air to pass directly through the glottis
e.g., [p] [ʍ] [t] [s]

119
Q

What are phonetic stops?

A

the airsteam is stopped completely in the oral cavity

120
Q

What are phonetic stops a.k.a.?

A

plosives

121
Q

What are the types of manners that use stops?

A

bilabial
alveolar
velar
glottal

122
Q

What are fricatives?

A

that which is nearly completed obstructed of the airstream, with a narrow passage causing friction

123
Q

What are the types of manners that use fricatives?

A 
labiodental
interdental
alveolar
post-alveolar
glottal
(most common)
124
Q

What are affricates?

A

that which the stop closure is immediately followed by a slow release of fricative-type closure

125
Q

What is the type of fricative-type closure?

A

post-alveolar

126
Q

What is the nasal manner?

A

velum is lowered, allowing air to escape through the nose but is obstructed in the oral cavity (nasal stops)

127
Q

What are types of nasals?

A

bilabial
alveolar
velar

128
Q

What are approximanants?

A

that which involves the constriction of the vocal tract but has no turbulence

129
Q

Are approximants more or less sonorous than most other consonants?

A

more

130
Q

What are types of approximants?

A

liquids

glides

131
Q

What are lateral liquids?

A

air escapes laterally over lowered sides of the tongue

132
Q

What is a type of lateral liquid?

A

alveolar

[l]

133
Q

What are retroflex liquids?

A

tongue is rounded and air escapes around the tongue

134
Q

What is a type of retroflex liquid?

A

alveolar [ɹ]

135
Q

What are glides?

A

only a slight closure of articulators which is always preceded or followed directly by a vowel

136
Q

What is a “semivowel”?

A

a more open symbol that would be a vowel

137
Q

What are types of glides?

A

palatal
bilabial
labiovelar

138
Q

What are types of flaps?

A

similar to a stop, it is a very quick closure

139
Q

What is a type of flap?

A

alveolar [ɾ] butter, ladder

140
Q

What is the list of place of articulation for consonants?

A 
Bilabial
Labiodental
Interdental
Alveolar
Post-alveolar
Palatal
Velar
Glottal
141
Q

What is the list of manner of articulation for consonants?

A 
Stops
Fricatives
Affricatives
Nasal
Lateral Liquid
Retroflex Liquid
Glide 
Flap
142
Q

What is the place and manner for p?

A

voiceless bilabial stop

143
Q

What is the place and manner for n?

A

voiced velar nasal

144
Q

What is the place and manner for d?

A

voiced alveolar stop

145
Q

What is the place and manner for h?

A

voiceless glottal fricative

146
Q

What is the place and manner for j?

A

voiced alveolar glide

147
Q

Major phonetic classes:

A

place of articulation
manner of articulation
articulatory class
articulatory parameter (v)
obstruction of air flow (obstruent, sonorant)
obstruction of air flow (consonantal, nonconsonantal)
total obstruction of air in oral cavity (continuant, noncontinuant)

148
Q

What are the labials (articulatory classes)?

A

bilabials, labiodentals, labiovelars

149
Q

What are the coronals (articulatory classes)?

A

interdentals, alveolars, post-alveolars, palatals

150
Q

What are the anteriors (articulatory classes)?

A

labials, interdentals, alveolars

151
Q

What are the sibilants/stridents (articulatory classes)?

A

[s], [z], [ʃ], [ʒ], [ʧ], [ʤ]

152
Q

What are obstruents?

A

full or almost full obstruction of air in sounds

153
Q

What are examples of obstruents?

A

stops
fricatives
affricates

154
Q

What are sonorants?

A

no obstruction of air - singable

155
Q

What are examples of sonorants?

A

nasals
liquids
gilides
all vowels

156
Q

What are consonantals?

A

some obstruction to air flow

157
Q

What are examples of consonantals?

A

all consonants except glides:
obstruents
nasals
liquids

158
Q

What are nonconsonantals?

A

no obstruction

159
Q

What are examples of nonconsonantals?

A

glides

all vowels

160
Q

What are continuants?

A

no total obstruction in oral cavity

161
Q

What are examples of continuants?

A

fricatives
liquids
glides
all vowels

162
Q

What are noncontinuants?

A

total obstruction in oral cavity

163
Q

What are examples of noncontinuants?

A

stops
nasals
affricates

164
Q

What are the articulatory classes?

A 
LCAS
labials
coronals
anteriors
sibilants/stridents
165
Q

What are the articulatory parameters?

A 
specific to vowels:
high, mid or low
front, central or back
rounded or unrounded
tense or lax
166
Q

What are obstruents?

A

full or almost full obstruction of air flow

167
Q

What are sonorants?

A

little or no obstruction of air flow

168
Q

What are examples of sonorants?

A

nasals
liquids
glides
vowels

169
Q

What are examples of obstruents?

A

stops
fricatives
affricates

170
Q

What are consonantals?

A

obstruents (stops, fricatives, affricates)
nasals
liquids

171
Q

What are nonconsonantals?

A

glides

vowels

172
Q

What are noncontinuants?

A

total obstruction wsomewhere in the oral cavity (even if air escapes through the nose)

173
Q

What are examples of noncontinuants?

A

stops
nasals
africates

174
Q

What are continuants?

A

no obstruction in the oral cavity

175
Q

What are examples of continuants?

A

fricatives
liquids
glides
vowels

176
Q

How do you write in IPA: futon?

A

[ɸʊton]

177
Q

How do you write in IPA: kayak?

A

[qajaq]

178
Q

What are high vowels?

A 
Blade of tongue raised
	[i]	  he, be
	[ɪ]	  it, lip
Back of tongue raised
	[u]	  poodle
	[ʊ]	  foot, put
179
Q

What are mid vowels?

A 
Tongue neither raised nor lowered
	[e]	  pear
	[ɛ]	  pet
	[ʌ]	  bus
	[o]	  bore
	[ə]	  resign
180
Q

What are low vowels?

A

Tongue is lowered
[æ] bat
[ɑ] pot
[a]+V fight [aɪ]

181
Q

What are rounded vowels?

A

Rounded: [u], [ʊ], [o]

182
Q

What are unrounded vowels?

A

Unrounded: [i], [ɪ], [e], [ɛ], [æ], [ʌ], [ə], [ɑ], [a]

183
Q

What are English unrounded vowels?

A

Unrounded: all front & central vowels and [ɑ]

184
Q

What are English rounded vowels?

A

Rounded: all back vowels except for [ɑ]

185
Q

What are tense vowels?

A

Greater constriction in vocal tract
Tongue muscles tenser
Longer duration
[i], [e], [u], [o], [a], [ɑ]

186
Q

What are lax vowels?

A

Less constriction in vocal tract
Tongue muscles less tense
[ɪ], [ɛ], [ʌ], [ə], [ʊ], [ɔ], [æ]

187
Q

What are dipthongs?

A

vowel changes in quality within a syllable
tongue moves toward glide position
longer than simple vowels

188
Q

What is a word that uses the IPA vowels [aɪ]?

A

rye, tide

189
Q

What is a word that uses the IPA vowels[oɪ]?

A

boy, point

190
Q

What is a word that uses the IPA vowels[eɪ]

A

pay, paint

191
Q

What is a word that uses the IPA vowels[aʊ]

A

brow, pout

192
Q

What is a word that uses the IPA vowels[oʊ]

A

flow, boat

193
Q

What is the order from left to right for Canadian English vowels?

A

i I e E ae e^ a aI aU oI oU a o U u

194
Q

how would you describe u by articulatory parameters?

A

high back tense rounded vowel

195
Q

What are the descriptions for articulatory parameters for vowels?

A

height
retraction
tenseness
rounding

196
Q

What are the descriptions for articulatory parameters for ae?

A

high, front, lax, unrounded

197
Q

What are the descriptions for articulatory parameters for e?

A

medium, front, tense, unrounded

198
Q

What are the descriptions for articulatory parameters for i?

A

high front tense unrounded

199
Q

What are the descriptions for articulatory parameters for I?

A

high front lax unrounded

200
Q

What are the descriptions for articulatory parameters for eI?

A

medium front tense unrounded

201
Q

What are the descriptions for articulatory parameters for E?

A

medium front lax unrounded

202
Q

What are the descriptions for articulatory parameters for e? ae?

A

low front lax unrounded

203
Q

What are suprasegmentals?

A

prosodic properties, distrinct from place or manner of articulation

204
Q

What are the examples of prosodic properties?

A 
suprasegmentals are:
length
intonation
tone
stress
205
Q

Are suprasegmentals more or less than one segment?

A

more than one segment

206
Q

What is length for suprasegmentals? Is it used in English?

A

length of vowels and consonants may affect word meaning

not typically used in English

207
Q

What are long consonants? Are they used for English?

A

geminates

not typically used in English; more like in Italian

208
Q

What is pitch and how do you control it?

A

the scale of voice according to how your vocal folds’ tension is controlled and the amount of air passing through the glottis

209
Q

What do tense vocal folds give you (re:pitch)?

A

they vibrate faster, and greater air pressure in the glottis usually means a higher pitch

210
Q

What do more tense vocal folds give you (re: pitch)?

A

less tense vocal folds vibrate slower, and with lower air pressure usually means a lower pitch

211
Q

What are two kinds of controlled pitch movement?

A

intonation and tone

212
Q

What is significant for speech: relative or absolute pitch?

A

relative (refers to that within a sentence, rather than how high or low your speech is in general)

213
Q

What is intonation?

A

the pattern of pitch movements across a stretch of speech

214
Q

What are 2 phenomena associated with intonation?

A

pitch accents and edge tones

215
Q

What is pitch accent?

A

tone change in the middle of an utterance which indicates prominence
e.g., I want to go to MY house vs.
I WANT to go to my house
may be implied in a different manner

216
Q

What is edge tone?

A

a tone change at the END of a phrase

sentence ends with a continuation drop, whereas questions end with a continuation rise

217
Q

Is differences in pitch associated with differences in word meaning in English?

A

not typically

more like for Nigerian, Thai, etc.

218
Q

Are the majjority of world languages tone or non-tone languages?

A

tone languages

e.g., africa, Asia (Chinese, Thai, Burmese…), Native North American languages

219
Q

What is stressed in suprasegmentals?

A

combined effects of pitch, length and loudness that emphasizes particular syllables

220
Q

How do syllables’ stress vary in sentences?

A

they are focused on the primary, secondary, penultimate, unstressed (the type of emphasis, not the order it’s in)

Languid meaning (5 decks)

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