Sep 27, Oct 2 and 4 Flashcards
What is missing of this list of phonology requirements?
- distribution of speech sounds (where they occur)
- interaction between sounds
- how are sounds organized?
- how do we mentally categorizee and perceive sounds?
- which sounds are just variations of other sounds?
- which sounds affect the meaning of words?
What is a quality of functions of sounds?
contrast or not
What is a different sound, and what is a variation of the same sound?
e.g.
[p] and [b] are different sounds
and
[p] and [pʰ] are variations of the same sound
When are sounds contrastive (a.k.a contrastive segments)?
when they distinguish forms that have DIFFERENT meanings
e.g., [pɪt] [bɪt]
What is contrastive also known as?
distinctive
What do contrastive segments belong to?
different PHONEMES
e.g.,
[p] and [b] are different sounds
= belong to different phonemes
[p] and [pʰ] are variations of the same sound
= belong to the same phonemeWhat are abstract mental representations of the phonological units of a language?
phonemes
how do we store sounds in our mind?
by the use of phonemes
What do phonemes separate sound from?
how it is actually realized in speech
What is an abstract phoneme?
a sound that does NOT change in meaning the word
What type of representation is phonetics?
physical (actual)
What type of representation is phonemics?
abstract (mental)
What are phones?
the actual physical sounds that re produced
e.g., the physical realizations of a phoneme
are phones abstract?
no
What are physical realizations of a phoneme, in predictable variants?
allophones
What are also allophones of the pheneme in English?
/t/
[t], [tʰ], [ɾ] and [ʔ]
What is variation in allophones?
systematic, conditioned by the phonetic context or environment, and predictable
What is a phonetic context?
sound usage
What do you use to represent phonemes?
/ sound/
What do you use to represent allophones?
[ sound ]
Do phonemes differ from language to language?
yes
What is crutical to discovering the sound system of a language?
identifying phonemes
How are phonemes identified?
determining whether they distinguish or contrasts words, and whether they use MINIMAL pairs to find segments that contrast words
What is an example of a minimal pair?
[bit] and [baet]
What is a minimal pair?
two forms with distinct meanings that differ by one segment found in the same position in each form
If you change a sound in a word, and it changes the meaning of the word, is it a different phoneme?
yes, if these sounds contrast
Are allophones rule-governed?
yes
when do allophones occur?
when segments are affected and altered by phonetic properties of neighbouring elements
Why are allophone variations rarely noticed?
since we focus attention only on those contrasts that affect meaning
What did Chomsky say about the predictabiliity of allophones?
they are a part of our subconscious knowledge, since we are preprogrammed for language
Are oral and nasal vowels contrastive in english?
No, their occurrence is predictable by rule
When are vowels nasalized before consonants that are in the same syllable?
when before nasal consonants
Why do we notice the nasalization of stops in English?
because they are contrastive
What occurs when interchanging sounds result in a change in meaning?
contrastive distribution (phonemes)
What occurs when sounds do not occr in the same phonological environment?
complementary distribution (allophones)
What occurs when sounds occur in the same environment without changing meaning?
free variation (usually allophones)
Are Turkish vowels [ae] and [E] contrastive?
no, therefore they are allophones
Are Hindi vowels [p] sounds contrastive?
yes, therefore they are phonemes
Are Japanese [o] sounds contrastive?
yes, therefore they are phonemes
What contrast words (phonemes or allophones)?
phonemes
What is physical and what is abstract?
abstract - phonemes
physical - phones
What are predictable by rule (allophones or phonemes)?
allophones
What is a natural class?
a group of sounds in a language that share oen or more articulatory or allophonic property TO THE EXCLUSION OF A LL OTHER SOUNDS IN THAT LANGUAGE
sibilant
hiss
obstruent
obstruction of airflow - stops,, fricatives, affricates
sonorant
open passage of airflow - nasals, liquids, glides, vowels
what are the only oral alveolar stops?
t and d
assimilation
causes a sound to become closer in place of articulation
e.g., un + believable = um-believable
dissimilation
e.g., needing to change two stops into one stop and then a fricative for definition
insertion
e.g., adding a voiceless stop
metathesis
changing order of consonant and vowel for easier pronunciation
e.g., CV metathesis = VCCC = CVCC
deletion
deleting a sound for easier pronunciation - prerogative - pronounced /perogative/
aspiration
voiceless stops (pb) preceding a vowel in same syllable become aspirated
what are the stops?
b = pb alv = td vel = kg glo = ?
What are the fricatives?
labio = fv interd = th th alv = s z post = sh z glo = h
affricates
alv = ts dz
nasal
bi = m alv = n vel = ng
lateral
alv = l
glide
bil = m w post = j v = m
flap
alv = r
what are the places?
bilabial labiodental interdental alveolar post-alveolar palatal velar glottal
what are the manners
stops fricatives affricates nasals lateral retroflex glide flap
tense vowels
a, a, e, i, o, u
what order to remember vowels
front = seat sit set sat
middle vowels
above bought
back vowels
look Luke lock
what are common dipthongs?
oi ou au
which vowels are rounded?
Luke look
what is used to see place and manner of articulation?
mri - electromagnetic articulography
what are labials?
bilabial, labiodental
coronals
interdetal, alveolar, post-alv, palat
anteriors
b
l
i
a
sibilants
hissss
