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Languid meaning > Sep 27, Oct 2 and 4 > Flashcards

Sep 27, Oct 2 and 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is missing of this list of phonology requirements?

  • distribution of speech sounds (where they occur)
  • interaction between sounds
  • how are sounds organized?
  • how do we mentally categorizee and perceive sounds?
  • which sounds are just variations of other sounds?
A
  • which sounds affect the meaning of words?
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2
Q

What is a quality of functions of sounds?

A

contrast or not

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3
Q

What is a different sound, and what is a variation of the same sound?

A

e.g.
[p] and [b] are different sounds
and

[p] and [pʰ] are variations of the same sound

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4
Q

When are sounds contrastive (a.k.a contrastive segments)?

A

when they distinguish forms that have DIFFERENT meanings

e.g., [pɪt] [bɪt]

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5
Q

What is contrastive also known as?

A

distinctive

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6
Q

What do contrastive segments belong to?

A 
different PHONEMES
e.g., 
      [p] and [b] are different sounds 
	= belong to different phonemes
      [p] and [pʰ] are variations of the same sound
	= belong to the same phoneme
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7
Q

What are abstract mental representations of the phonological units of a language?

A

phonemes

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8
Q

how do we store sounds in our mind?

A

by the use of phonemes

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9
Q

What do phonemes separate sound from?

A

how it is actually realized in speech

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10
Q

What is an abstract phoneme?

A

a sound that does NOT change in meaning the word

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11
Q

What type of representation is phonetics?

A

physical (actual)

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12
Q

What type of representation is phonemics?

A

abstract (mental)

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13
Q

What are phones?

A

the actual physical sounds that re produced

e.g., the physical realizations of a phoneme

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14
Q

are phones abstract?

A

no

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15
Q

What are physical realizations of a phoneme, in predictable variants?

A

allophones

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16
Q

What are also allophones of the pheneme in English?

/t/

A

[t], [tʰ], [ɾ] and [ʔ]

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17
Q

What is variation in allophones?

A

systematic, conditioned by the phonetic context or environment, and predictable

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18
Q

What is a phonetic context?

A

sound usage

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19
Q

What do you use to represent phonemes?

A

/ sound/

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20
Q

What do you use to represent allophones?

A

[ sound ]

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21
Q

Do phonemes differ from language to language?

A

yes

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22
Q

What is crutical to discovering the sound system of a language?

A

identifying phonemes

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23
Q

How are phonemes identified?

A

determining whether they distinguish or contrasts words, and whether they use MINIMAL pairs to find segments that contrast words

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24
Q

What is an example of a minimal pair?

A

[bit] and [baet]

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25
Q

What is a minimal pair?

A

two forms with distinct meanings that differ by one segment found in the same position in each form

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26
Q

If you change a sound in a word, and it changes the meaning of the word, is it a different phoneme?

A

yes, if these sounds contrast

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27
Q

Are allophones rule-governed?

A

yes

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28
Q

when do allophones occur?

A

when segments are affected and altered by phonetic properties of neighbouring elements

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29
Q

Why are allophone variations rarely noticed?

A

since we focus attention only on those contrasts that affect meaning

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30
Q

What did Chomsky say about the predictabiliity of allophones?

A

they are a part of our subconscious knowledge, since we are preprogrammed for language

31
Q

Are oral and nasal vowels contrastive in english?

A

No, their occurrence is predictable by rule

32
Q

When are vowels nasalized before consonants that are in the same syllable?

A

when before nasal consonants

33
Q

Why do we notice the nasalization of stops in English?

A

because they are contrastive

34
Q

What occurs when interchanging sounds result in a change in meaning?

A

contrastive distribution (phonemes)

35
Q

What occurs when sounds do not occr in the same phonological environment?

A

complementary distribution (allophones)

36
Q

What occurs when sounds occur in the same environment without changing meaning?

A

free variation (usually allophones)

37
Q

Are Turkish vowels [ae] and [E] contrastive?

A

no, therefore they are allophones

38
Q

Are Hindi vowels [p] sounds contrastive?

A

yes, therefore they are phonemes

39
Q

Are Japanese [o] sounds contrastive?

A

yes, therefore they are phonemes

40
Q

What contrast words (phonemes or allophones)?

A

phonemes

41
Q

What is physical and what is abstract?

A

abstract - phonemes

physical - phones

42
Q

What are predictable by rule (allophones or phonemes)?

A

allophones

43
Q

What is a natural class?

A

a group of sounds in a language that share oen or more articulatory or allophonic property TO THE EXCLUSION OF A LL OTHER SOUNDS IN THAT LANGUAGE

44
Q

sibilant

A

hiss

45
Q

obstruent

A

obstruction of airflow - stops,, fricatives, affricates

46
Q

sonorant

A

open passage of airflow - nasals, liquids, glides, vowels

47
Q

what are the only oral alveolar stops?

A

t and d

48
Q

assimilation

A

causes a sound to become closer in place of articulation

e.g., un + believable = um-believable

49
Q

dissimilation

A

e.g., needing to change two stops into one stop and then a fricative for definition

50
Q

insertion

A

e.g., adding a voiceless stop

51
Q

metathesis

A

changing order of consonant and vowel for easier pronunciation
e.g., CV metathesis = VCCC = CVCC

52
Q

deletion

A

deleting a sound for easier pronunciation - prerogative - pronounced /perogative/

53
Q

aspiration

A

voiceless stops (pb) preceding a vowel in same syllable become aspirated

54
Q

what are the stops?

A 
b = pb
alv = td
vel = kg
glo = ?
55
Q

What are the fricatives?

A 
labio = fv
interd = th th
alv = s z
post = sh z
glo = h
56
Q

affricates

A

alv = ts dz

57
Q

nasal

A 
bi = m
alv = n 
vel = ng
58
Q

lateral

A

alv = l

59
Q

glide

A 
bil = m w
post = j
v = m
60
Q

flap

A

alv = r

61
Q

what are the places?

A 
bilabial
labiodental
interdental
alveolar
post-alveolar
palatal
velar
glottal
62
Q

what are the manners

A 
stops
fricatives
affricates
nasals
lateral
retroflex
glide
flap
63
Q

tense vowels

A

a, a, e, i, o, u

64
Q

what order to remember vowels

A

front = seat sit set sat

65
Q

middle vowels

A

above bought

66
Q

back vowels

A

look Luke lock

67
Q

what are common dipthongs?

A

oi ou au

68
Q

which vowels are rounded?

A

Luke look

69
Q

what is used to see place and manner of articulation?

A

mri - electromagnetic articulography

70
Q

what are labials?

A

bilabial, labiodental

71
Q

coronals

A

interdetal, alveolar, post-alv, palat

72
Q

anteriors

A

b
l
i
a

73
Q

sibilants

A

hissss

Languid meaning (5 decks)

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