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Languid meaning > Nov 1, 6, 8... > Flashcards

Nov 1, 6, 8... Flashcards

1
Q

What is syntax?

A

structure and formation of phrases and sentences

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2
Q

What is syntax similar to, interms of hierarchical structure, order, and meaning?

A

morphology

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3
Q

What are words normally compared to when being assessed?

A

morphemes

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4
Q

What are grammaticality judgments associated with?

A

syntactic knowledge

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5
Q

What else is missing in the list of syntactic knowledge?
- grammaticality judgments
co-occurrence: argument vs. adjunct, agreement
- syntactic constituents and categories
- hierarchical structure
- phrase structure rules
- structural ambiguity

A

word order

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6
Q

What is co-occurrence?

A

requirement that X co-occur with y

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7
Q

What parts of speech iare associated with co-occurrence?

A

verbs and nouns

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8
Q

What do all verbs require?

A

a subject

e.g., [The boy] rested

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9
Q

Certain verbs require an…?

A

object

e.g., Max feels [happy]

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10
Q

What is an argument aided by?

A

a verb

e.g., John devoured the [large] pizza

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11
Q

What is an adjunct?

A

an optional element

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12
Q

What requires obligatoriness: arguments or adjuncts?

A

arguments

e. g., Sally seemed happy
* Sally seemed
* seemed happy

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13
Q

What requires uniqueness: arguments or adjuncts?

A

arguments

e.g., *Maria put the book/ the magazine on the table

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14
Q

What requires ordering: arguments or adjuncts?

A

arguments

e.g., Sally put the table on the book

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15
Q

What do co-occurrence agreements require?

A

morphological requirements between a verb and its subject argument, or a noun and its determiner
e.g., must agree with person, #, gender, etc.

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16
Q

What are these categories under?

  • subject-verb
  • determiner-noun
A

agreement

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17
Q

What is the order for constituents?

A

words - phrases - clauses - sentences

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18
Q

At each level words are organized into united, called…

A

constituents

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19
Q

Constituents reveal how sentences are…

A

structured

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20
Q

Tests to determine whether a string of words forms a constituent or not include:

  • question-answer
  • clefting
  • pro-form substitution
A
  • topicalization
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21
Q

Constituents can serve as an answer to a…

A

question

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22
Q

Constituents can be _____ to the beginning of a sentence

A

clefted
e.g., the cat was sleeping on the desk .
it was the cat that was…

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23
Q

Constituents can be moved to the _____ of the sentence as a topic

A

the beginnig
e.g., Morris really loves green bananas.
or Green bananas, Morris really loves __.

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24
Q

When constituents can be moved to the beginning of the sentence as a topic, what is this process?

A

topicalization

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25
Q

Constituents can be replaced by pro-forms, using ______ or ____

A

pronouns, proverbs

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26
Q

That which constituents can be replaced by to form pronouns, proverbs

A

pro-form substitution

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27
Q

What are grammaticality jdugments?

A

judgments on whether a sentence is grammatical or ungrammatical (well-formed or ill-formed)

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28
Q

What helps to reognize violations of syntactic rules?

A

grammaticality judgments

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29
Q

What are properties of grammaticality judgments:

  • shared by all speakers of a language
  • can apply to sentences never heard before
  • not dependent on meaning of sentence
  • not dependent on truth of sentence
A
  • not based on explicit instruction
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30
Q

Every word belongs to a

A

lexical category

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31
Q

N =

A

noun

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32
Q

V =

A

verb

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33
Q

Adj =

A

adjective

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34
Q

Adv =

A

adverb

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35
Q

Det =

A

determiner (the, an)

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36
Q

P =

A

preposition (at, by)

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37
Q

Aux =

A

auxiliary verb

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38
Q

Pron =

A

pronoun (she, he)

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39
Q

Conj =

A

conjunction (and, or)

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40
Q

Words belonging to the same lexical category function in the ____ way

A

same

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41
Q

___ refer to real, imaginary and abstract gthings, substances, people, places, actions, events

A

nouns

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42
Q

If ___ can be counted, may form plural by adding -s

A

nouns

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43
Q

If nouns can be counted, may form plural by adding -

A

s

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44
Q

___ can occur with the, these

A

nouns

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45
Q

___ can be modified by adjectives

A

nouns

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46
Q

Nouns can be modified by __

A

adjectives

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47
Q

____ refer to action, events, processes, states of being

A

verbs

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48
Q

___ express time with particular forms: -ed, sang

A

verbs

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49
Q

___ express manner with particular forms: -ing, -ed/-en

50
Q

Verbs can occur with ___

A

auxiliaries

51
Q

___ can occur with auxiliaries

52
Q

Verbs can be modified by ____

53
Q

___ can be modified by adverbs

54
Q

____ describe the things, ideas, etc. that nouns refer to

A

adjectives

55
Q

____ can have comparative forms (long-er)

A

adjectives

56
Q

Adjectives can have comparative forms such as ___

A
  • er

e. g., longer

57
Q

___ can have superlative forms (long-est)

A

adjectives

58
Q

Adjectives can have comparative forms such as ____

A
  • est

e. g., long-est

59
Q

___ can be modified by degree words: very, too

A

adjectives

60
Q

Adjectives can be modified by degree words such as ___

61
Q

____ express manner, describe attitude or judgment of speaker, or indicate temporal frequency

62
Q

Adverbs express manner, ____ or indicate temporal frequency

A

describe attitude or judgment of speaker

63
Q

Adverbs can have ____ or ____ forms

A

comparative (more quickly)

superlative (most quickly)

64
Q

____ can have comparative or superlative forms

A

adverbs
e.g., more quickly
most quickly

65
Q

Adverbs can be modified by ___ words

A

degree

e.g., very, too

66
Q

____ can be modified by degree words: very, too

67
Q

Phrasal categories are also known as

A

syntactic categories

68
Q

Words or expressions belonging to the same ____ category function in the same way, i.e., have the same ___ distribution

69
Q 
Some phrasal/syntactic categories are:
NP
PP
\_\_
\_\_
A

VP

S = sentence

70
Q

__ took a nap on the sofa.

what kind of phrasal category is this?

A

NP noun phrase

71
Q

Where did you __?

What kind of phrasal category is this?

A

VP verb phrase

72
Q

Dogs make good pets.

What kind of phrasal category is this?

A

NP noun phrase

DOGS make good pets

73
Q

John walked into the classroom. What kind of phrasal category is this?

A

PP

John walked INTO THE CLASSROOM

74
Q

VP in traditional grammar is

A

subject + predicate

75
Q

What is a predicate?

A

what the subject did

76
Q

Where is a predicate used?

A

in a VP = subject + predicate (the subject and what the subject did)

77
Q

What does asymmetry between subject and object refer to?

A

object is ‘closer’ to the verb

78
Q

What is asymmetry between subject and object associated with?

79
Q

What is an example of an asymmetry between subject and object phrase?

A

VP
the boy laughed
The cat CHASED THE BIRD

80
Q

What part of a VP is this?

laughed

81
Q

What part of a VP is this?

chased [np = a red bird]

82
Q

What part of a VP is this? walked [pp into the classroom]

83
Q

What part of a VP is this? put [np the car] [pp in the garage]

84
Q

What part of a VP is this? gave [np Marie] [np a present]

85
Q

What part of a VP is this? said [s Walter left early]

86
Q

What part of a VP is this? FELL slowly

87
Q

What type of rule are these?
determine correct phrase structure (combinations of syntactic categories)
part of syntactic knowledge
not taught
accessed through grammaticality judgments

A

phrase structure (PS) rules

88
Q

1 PS rule is:

determine correct phrase structure using a combination of ___ ___

A

syntactic categories

89
Q

1 PS rule is phrase needs to be a part of ____ knowledge

90
Q

1 PS rule is that the phrase is not ___

91
Q

1 PS rule is that the phrase is accessed through ____ ____

A

grammaticality judgments

92
Q

PS rules for: NP

dogs

93
Q

PS rules for: NP

the dogs

94
Q

PS rules for: NP

the big dogs

95
Q

PS rules for: NP

the dogs in the park

96
Q

PS rules for: NP

the big dogs in the park

A

Det Adj N PP

97
Q

What is the PS ruel for NP?

A

NP -> (Det) (Adj) N (PP)

98
Q

What do the brackets refer to in a phrase structure rule?

A

brackets connote optional, whereas non-brackets are obligatory

99
Q

Phrase structure rules for PP:

into the classroom

100
Q

Phrase structure rules for PP:

up the stairs

101
Q

Phrase structure rules for PP:

from the house

102
Q

What is the Phrase structure rule for PP:

A

PP -> P NP

103
Q

Phrase structure rules for VP:

laughed

104
Q

Phrase structure rules for VP:

chased a red bird

105
Q

Phrase structure rules for VP:

walked into the classroom

106
Q

Phrase structure rules for VP:

put the car in the garage

107
Q

Phrase structure rules for VP:

gave Marie a present

108
Q

Phrase structure rules for VP: fell slowly

109
Q

Phrase structure rules for VP:

said Walter left early

110
Q

What is the phrase structure rule for VP?

A

VP -> V (NP) (NP) (Adv) (PP) (Adv)

111
Q

What is another structure rule for VP?

112
Q

What are the phrase structure rules for S?

A

S -> NP (Aux) (not) VP

113
Q

What is the phrase structure rule for S?

Jason walks to school

114
Q

What is the phrase structure rule for S?

Jason will walk to school

115
Q

What is the phrase structure rule for S?

Jason should walk to school

116
Q

What is the phrase structure rule for S?

Jason can walk to school

117
Q

What is the phrase structure rule for S?

Jason will not walk to school

A

NP Aux not VP

118
Q

What structure rule is this?

NP (Aux) (not) VP

119
Q

What structure rule is this?

Det) (Adj) N (PP

120
Q

What structure rule is this?

V (NP) (NP) (Adv) (pp0 (Adv)

121
Q

What structure rule is this?

V S

122
Q

What structure rule is this?

P NP

Languid meaning (5 decks)

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