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Languid meaning > Oct 9, 11, 16 > Flashcards

Oct 9, 11, 16 Flashcards

1
Q

What is morphology?

A

part of grammar concerned with word structure and word formation

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2
Q

What else composes our morphological knowledge?

  • separate strings of sounds into words
  • internal structure of words
A
  • lexicon (mental dictionary)
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3
Q

What is the lexicon?

A

a mental dictionary

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4
Q

What other information do lexical entries contain?

  • pronunciation
  • meaning
  • syntactic context
A
  • lexical category (e.g., noun)
  • orthography (?)
  • most root forms
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5
Q

What is a good phrase to remember separating strings of sounds into words?

A

Wouldn’t you?

wouldn’t chew?

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6
Q

What is orthography?

A

the conventional spelling system of a language

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7
Q

How much time is the lexicon accessed?

A

in a split second (3+ words per second)

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8
Q

What type of organization is the lexicon?

A

an interconnected system

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9
Q

Is the lexicon given clues that are alphabetical?

A

No, two words close to each other in the dictionary are not confused by their order in the dictionary

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10
Q

How is the sound structure of the lexicon influenced?

A

by clues from errors from syllables

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11
Q

Why is the lexicon so extensive?

A

there are constant additions and revisions

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12
Q

What determines a word (3 ideas):

A

form, lexical category, and meaning

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13
Q

What makes the internal structure of a word?

A 
its parts (morphemes), and its lexical categories 
e.g., worker = work (verb, root)/ -er (affix/suffix/bound morpheme) = noun
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14
Q

Do all words belong to a lexical category?

A

yes

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15
Q

What is a lexical category?

A

a part of speech

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16
Q

What are articles?

A

the, this, that

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17
Q

What are adverbs?

A

they describe verbs

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18
Q

What are prepositions?

A

in, of, at

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19
Q

What lexical category is hello?

A

a salutation or interjection

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20
Q

What are determiners?

A

a, an, the

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21
Q

What are open lexical categories?

A

nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs

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22
Q

Can open lexical categories add new items?

A

yes

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23
Q

What are closed lexican categoreis?

A

pronouns, determiners, prepositions

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24
Q

Is ze a closed lexical category?

A

not exactly. although it is a pronoun, it is not a commonly used one

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25
Q

Wh?

A

the main component of a word’s meaning

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26
Q

What belongs to a lexical category

A

a root

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27
Q

Can roots be analyzed further?

A

nope

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28
Q

What does not belong to a lexical category?

A

an affix

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29
Q

Whis an infix?

A

when a word is inserted in the middle of a word to change its meaning (not typically English)
bil = b-in-il = binil

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30
Q

What is always a bound morpheme?

A

an affix

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31
Q

Is partiality an infix morpheme?

A

nope, because there is no such word as partity

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32
Q

What do affixes attach to?

A

stems

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33
Q

What can consist of a root, or root+affix(es)?

A

stem

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34
Q

What are the root(s) and stem(s) of “thickened”?

A

thickened =
thick - root
-en = stem
-ed = stem

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35
Q

What is a morpheme?

A

the smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning or function

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36
Q

What can be a root or an affix?

A

a morpheme

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37
Q

Can words not include one or more morphemes?

A

nope

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38
Q

What is the word with the most morphemes?

A

disestablishmentarianism

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39
Q

How many morphemes are in “cats”?

A

cats = cat/s (2)

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40
Q

What can morphemes be classified as?

A

free or bound

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41
Q

What is a free morpheme?

A

it can stand on its own; is a word in itself

e.g., cat

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42
Q

What is a bound morpheme?

A

it can’t sstand on its own; must be attached to a stem

e.g., -er, -ing

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43
Q

What is a bound root morpheme?

A

a root that CANNOT stand on its own

e.g., -ceive = receive (prefix + root)

44
Q

Morphemes can be classified by content and…

A

function

45
Q

What is a content morpheme?

A

carries semantic content (meaningful)

46
Q

What is a function morpheme?

A

provides information about grammatical function

47
Q

Morphemes can be classified as inflectional or…?

A

derivational

48
Q

What is a derivational morpheme?

A

it changes lexical category by the addition of an affix, creating a word out of its root, albeit with a different meaning (often a lexical category)
e.g.,
cat (noun) vs.
catty (adjective)

49
Q

What is an inflectional morpheme?

A

creation of new grammatical forms with the use of morphemes
e.g., cat (singular noun) vs.
cats (plural noun)

50
Q

When forms indicate information such as tense, number, and gender, what kind or morpheme is being described?

A

an inflectional morpheme

51
Q

What kind of morpheme sees no change in lexical meaning or category?

A

inflectional morpheme (relating between words with creating a new word; changing form of new word)

52
Q

How many morphemes are in unhappy?

A

unhappy = un/happy (2)
bound + free morpheme
prefix + root
happy + un = opposite of happy, therefore derivational morpheme

53
Q

How many morphemes are in “milder”?

A

milder = mild/er (2)
root + suffix
mild + er = same meaning (albeit at a differnt intensity), so inflectional

54
Q

How many morphemes are in “otter”?

A

otter = otter (1)

root with no affix, no changes, so not a derivational or an inflection morpheme

55
Q

What type of morpheme is “bicycle”?

A

bicycle = bi/cycle (2)

prefix + root, changes meaning, therefore derivational

56
Q

What type of morpheme is “thickeners”?

A 
thickeners = thick/en/er/s (4)
root+suffix+suffix+suffix
root +deriv+deriv+infl
adjroot+suf1 = verb
adjroot + suff1 + suff2 = Noun
adjroot +suff1,2,3= noun
57
Q

What type of morpheme is “cats”?

A

cats = cat/s (2)

root+suffix, same meaning so inflectional

58
Q

What type of morpheme is “unidirectional”?

A 
unidirectional = uni/direct/ion/al (4)
pre-root-suff-suff
direct = verb
direction = noun
directional = noun
unidirectional = noun
DERIVATIONAL
59
Q

What type of morpheme is “Vancouver”?

A

one, therefore nadda

60
Q

What type of morpheme is “nation”?

A

1 morpheme

61
Q

What is morphological analysis?

A

the hierarchical structure of derived words

62
Q

What are used to discern the hierarchical structure of words?

A

morphological trees

63
Q

What is the first step of a morphological tree?

A

identify the root and lexical category

64
Q

What is the second step of a morphological tree?

A

place the affix/es in order

65
Q

What is the third step of a morphological tree?

A

roots, stems, and words belong to lexical categories

66
Q

What is the morphological tree for “stickiness”?

A

stickiness = stick/i/ness

root + suffix + suffix

67
Q

What is the morphological tree for “timeliness”?

A

timeliness = time/li/ness (3)

root + suffix + suffix

68
Q

What is the morphological tree for “readable”?

A

readable = read/able (2), root + suffix, noun = adjective

69
Q

What is the morphological tree for “rewrite”

A

rewrite = re/write (2) prefix + root, verb = noun

70
Q

What is the morphological tree for “reusable”?

A 
re/use/able
prefix, root, suffix
use = verb
reuse = verb
reusable = verb
71
Q

What is the morphological tree for “unusable”?

A 
un/us/able
prefix, root, suffix
use = verb
useable = adjective
unuseable = adjective
72
Q

What is the goal of morphological analysis?

A

identify morphemes in words

73
Q

What is the strategy of morphological analysis?

A

compare partially similar words with recurring units

74
Q

What is the easiest part of linguistics?

A

morphological analysis

75
Q

What are allomorphs?

A

different phonetic shapes of a morpheme

76
Q

What is the allomorph of not possible?

A

impossible

(in + possible = impossible, meets closer to area of articulation for p

77
Q

What is the “im-“ allomorph?

A

before a stem starting with bilabial C

e.g., possible + un = impossible

78
Q

What is the “iŋ-“ allomorph?

A

before velar C

e.g., credible + in = iŋ-credible

79
Q

What is the “ir-“ allomorph?

A

before r

e.g., replaceable = irreplaceable

80
Q

What is the “il-“ allomorph?

A

before l

e.g.,, legible = illegible

81
Q

What is the “in-“ allomorph?

A

elsewhere

e.g., tolerant = intolerant

82
Q

What are these examples of?

A

morphological processes

83
Q

What is a morphological process?

A

a way of forming words

84
Q

What is pre-teen, re-read, cat-s, friend-ly, or b-in-ili examples of in morphological processes?

A

affixation

85
Q

What is an example of a circumfix affixation?

A

German: ge-kauf-t (bought)

vs. kauf (buy)

86
Q

What morphological process is a combination of two or more words?

A

compounding

87
Q

What morphological process is spelling irrelevant (i.e., one, two words of hyphened)?

A

compounding

88
Q

What are the four compounding morphological processes?

A 
NVAP
noun (landlord, fire engine)
verb (spoonfeed, dry clean)
adjective (headstrong, blue-green)
preposition (hanger-on, into)
89
Q

How do you draw a morphological tree for “spoonfeed”?

A 
spoonfeed = verb 
spoon = noun + feed = verb
90
Q

How do you draw a morphological tree for “daycre centre”?

A

daycare centre = noun
daycare = noun + centre = noun
day = noun + care = noun

91
Q

What is reduplication?

A

a morphological process that has repetition of all (full) or part (partial) of the stem

92
Q

What is full reduplication?

A

When a morpheme is repeated in full

e.g., Turkish iji = well, ijiiji = very well

93
Q

What is partial reduplication?

A

when a morpheme is repeated partially

e.g., Tagalog pasok = enter, papasok = will enter

94
Q

What is alternation?

A

a morpheme-internal modification

e.g., from sing to sang, get to got, break to broke, etc.

95
Q

Can consonants or vowels change for alternations?

A

yes
e.g., house = houses
(s = z)

96
Q

What is suppletion?

A

replacement of a morpheme with an entirely different morpheme
e.g., French “etre” = suis, sommes, sont
English go = went,

97
Q

What is stress placement?

A

the change of stress differs when words become different lexical categories (verb to noun)
e.g., rePEAT to REpeat
conVICT to CONvict

98
Q

What is tone placement?

A

marking of grammatical contrast with tone

e.g., Mono-Bili (Congo) = da (up) for spanked, da (down) for will spank

99
Q

What is zero form?

A

morpheme with no phonological form
e.g., sheep to plural sheep
hit to past hit
drink (verb) to drink (noun)

100
Q

What are the morphological types of languages?

A

SAP =
synthetica
analytic
polysynthetic

101
Q

What is another name for analytic types of languages?

A

isolating

102
Q

What is another name for synthetic types of languages?

A

agglutinating or fusional

103
Q

What are analytic languages?

A 
sequences of free morphemes (no affixes)
e.g., Mandarin
	wɔ mən  tan  tçin
	I    plural play piano
	‘We are playing the piano’
	wɔ mən  tan  tçin   lə
	I    plural play piano past
	‘We played the piano’
- vietnamese
104
Q

What is a synthetic language?

A

bound morphemes attach to other morphemes
e.g., Mandarin
agglutinating - Swahili

105
Q

What is an agglutinating language?

A

a clear boundary is between affix and stem (Swahili, Turkish, Japanese)
e.g., Swahili ni-na-soma
I-present-read
‘I am reading’

106
Q

What is a fusional language?

A

single affix, many meanings
e.g., Russian
Spanish habl-o 1st singular and present

Languid meaning (5 decks)

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