Oct 9, 11, 16 Flashcards
(106 cards)
1
Q
What is morphology?
A
part of grammar concerned with word structure and word formation
2
Q
What else composes our morphological knowledge?
- separate strings of sounds into words
- internal structure of words
A
- lexicon (mental dictionary)
3
Q
What is the lexicon?
A
a mental dictionary
4
Q
What other information do lexical entries contain?
- pronunciation
- meaning
- syntactic context
A
- lexical category (e.g., noun)
- orthography (?)
- most root forms
5
Q
What is a good phrase to remember separating strings of sounds into words?
A
Wouldn’t you?
wouldn’t chew?
6
Q
What is orthography?
A
the conventional spelling system of a language
7
Q
How much time is the lexicon accessed?
A
in a split second (3+ words per second)
8
Q
What type of organization is the lexicon?
A
an interconnected system
9
Q
Is the lexicon given clues that are alphabetical?
A
No, two words close to each other in the dictionary are not confused by their order in the dictionary
10
Q
How is the sound structure of the lexicon influenced?
A
by clues from errors from syllables
11
Q
Why is the lexicon so extensive?
A
there are constant additions and revisions
12
Q
What determines a word (3 ideas):
A
form, lexical category, and meaning
13
Q
What makes the internal structure of a word?
A
its parts (morphemes), and its lexical categories e.g., worker = work (verb, root)/ -er (affix/suffix/bound morpheme) = noun
14
Q
Do all words belong to a lexical category?
A
yes
15
Q
What is a lexical category?
A
a part of speech
16
Q
What are articles?
A
the, this, that
17
Q
What are adverbs?
A
they describe verbs
18
Q
What are prepositions?
A
in, of, at
19
Q
What lexical category is hello?
A
a salutation or interjection
20
Q
What are determiners?
A
a, an, the
21
Q
What are open lexical categories?
A
nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs
22
Q
Can open lexical categories add new items?
A
yes
23
Q
What are closed lexican categoreis?
A
pronouns, determiners, prepositions
24
Q
Is ze a closed lexical category?
A
not exactly. although it is a pronoun, it is not a commonly used one
25
Wh?
the main component of a word's meaning
26
What belongs to a lexical category
a root
27
Can roots be analyzed further?
nope
28
What does not belong to a lexical category?
an affix
29
Whis an infix?
when a word is inserted in the middle of a word to change its meaning (not typically English)
bil = b-in-il = binil
30
What is always a bound morpheme?
an affix
31
Is partiality an infix morpheme?
nope, because there is no such word as partity
32
What do affixes attach to?
stems
33
What can consist of a root, or root+affix(es)?
stem
34
What are the root(s) and stem(s) of "thickened"?
thickened =
thick - root
-en = stem
-ed = stem
35
What is a morpheme?
the smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning or function
36
What can be a root or an affix?
a morpheme
37
Can words not include one or more morphemes?
nope
38
What is the word with the most morphemes?
disestablishmentarianism
39
How many morphemes are in "cats"?
cats = cat/s (2)
40
What can morphemes be classified as?
free or bound
41
What is a free morpheme?
it can stand on its own; is a word in itself
| e.g., cat
42
What is a bound morpheme?
it can't sstand on its own; must be attached to a stem
| e.g., -er, -ing
43
What is a bound root morpheme?
a root that CANNOT stand on its own
| e.g., -ceive = receive (prefix + root)
44
Morphemes can be classified by content and...
function
45
What is a content morpheme?
carries semantic content (meaningful)
46
What is a function morpheme?
provides information about grammatical function
47
Morphemes can be classified as inflectional or...?
derivational
48
What is a derivational morpheme?
it changes lexical category by the addition of an affix, creating a word out of its root, albeit with a different meaning (often a lexical category)
e.g.,
cat (noun) vs.
catty (adjective)
49
What is an inflectional morpheme?
creation of new grammatical forms with the use of morphemes
e.g., cat (singular noun) vs.
cats (plural noun)
50
When forms indicate information such as tense, number, and gender, what kind or morpheme is being described?
an inflectional morpheme
51
What kind of morpheme sees no change in lexical meaning or category?
inflectional morpheme (relating between words with creating a new word; changing form of new word)
52
How many morphemes are in unhappy?
unhappy = un/happy (2)
bound + free morpheme
prefix + root
happy + un = opposite of happy, therefore derivational morpheme
53
How many morphemes are in "milder"?
milder = mild/er (2)
root + suffix
mild + er = same meaning (albeit at a differnt intensity), so inflectional
54
How many morphemes are in "otter"?
otter = otter (1)
| root with no affix, no changes, so not a derivational or an inflection morpheme
55
What type of morpheme is "bicycle"?
bicycle = bi/cycle (2)
| prefix + root, changes meaning, therefore derivational
56
What type of morpheme is "thickeners"?
```
thickeners = thick/en/er/s (4)
root+suffix+suffix+suffix
root +deriv+deriv+infl
adjroot+suf1 = verb
adjroot + suff1 + suff2 = Noun
adjroot +suff1,2,3= noun
```
57
What type of morpheme is "cats"?
cats = cat/s (2)
| root+suffix, same meaning so inflectional
58
What type of morpheme is "unidirectional"?
```
unidirectional = uni/direct/ion/al (4)
pre-root-suff-suff
direct = verb
direction = noun
directional = noun
unidirectional = noun
DERIVATIONAL
```
59
What type of morpheme is "Vancouver"?
one, therefore nadda
60
What type of morpheme is "nation"?
1 morpheme
61
What is morphological analysis?
the hierarchical structure of derived words
62
What are used to discern the hierarchical structure of words?
morphological trees
63
What is the first step of a morphological tree?
identify the root and lexical category
64
What is the second step of a morphological tree?
place the affix/es in order
65
What is the third step of a morphological tree?
roots, stems, and words belong to lexical categories
66
What is the morphological tree for "stickiness"?
stickiness = stick/i/ness
| root + suffix + suffix
67
What is the morphological tree for "timeliness"?
timeliness = time/li/ness (3)
| root + suffix + suffix
68
What is the morphological tree for "readable"?
readable = read/able (2), root + suffix, noun = adjective
69
What is the morphological tree for "rewrite"
rewrite = re/write (2) prefix + root, verb = noun
70
What is the morphological tree for "reusable"?
```
re/use/able
prefix, root, suffix
use = verb
reuse = verb
reusable = verb
```
71
What is the morphological tree for "unusable"?
```
un/us/able
prefix, root, suffix
use = verb
useable = adjective
unuseable = adjective
```
72
What is the goal of morphological analysis?
identify morphemes in words
73
What is the strategy of morphological analysis?
compare partially similar words with recurring units
74
What is the easiest part of linguistics?
morphological analysis
75
What are allomorphs?
different phonetic shapes of a morpheme
76
What is the allomorph of not possible?
impossible
| (in + possible = impossible, meets closer to area of articulation for p
77
What is the "im-" allomorph?
before a stem starting with bilabial C
| e.g., possible + un = impossible
78
What is the "iŋ-" allomorph?
before velar C
| e.g., credible + in = iŋ-credible
79
What is the "ir-" allomorph?
before r
| e.g., replaceable = irreplaceable
80
What is the "il-" allomorph?
before l
| e.g.,, legible = illegible
81
What is the "in-" allomorph?
elsewhere
| e.g., tolerant = intolerant
82
What are these examples of?
morphological processes
83
What is a morphological process?
a way of forming words
84
What is pre-teen, re-read, cat-s, friend-ly, or b-in-ili examples of in morphological processes?
affixation
85
What is an example of a circumfix affixation?
German: ge-kauf-t (bought)
| vs. kauf (buy)
86
What morphological process is a combination of two or more words?
compounding
87
What morphological process is spelling irrelevant (i.e., one, two words of hyphened)?
compounding
88
What are the four compounding morphological processes?
```
NVAP
noun (landlord, fire engine)
verb (spoonfeed, dry clean)
adjective (headstrong, blue-green)
preposition (hanger-on, into)
```
89
How do you draw a morphological tree for "spoonfeed"?
```
spoonfeed = verb
spoon = noun + feed = verb
```
90
How do you draw a morphological tree for "daycre centre"?
daycare centre = noun
daycare = noun + centre = noun
day = noun + care = noun
91
What is reduplication?
a morphological process that has repetition of all (full) or part (partial) of the stem
92
What is full reduplication?
When a morpheme is repeated in full
| e.g., Turkish iji = well, ijiiji = very well
93
What is partial reduplication?
when a morpheme is repeated partially
| e.g., Tagalog pasok = enter, papasok = will enter
94
What is alternation?
a morpheme-internal modification
| e.g., from sing to sang, get to got, break to broke, etc.
95
Can consonants or vowels change for alternations?
yes
e.g., house = houses
(s = z)
96
What is suppletion?
replacement of a morpheme with an entirely different morpheme
e.g., French "etre" = suis, sommes, sont
English go = went,
97
What is stress placement?
the change of stress differs when words become different lexical categories (verb to noun)
e.g., rePEAT to REpeat
conVICT to CONvict
98
What is tone placement?
marking of grammatical contrast with tone
| e.g., Mono-Bili (Congo) = da (up) for spanked, da (down) for will spank
99
What is zero form?
morpheme with no phonological form
e.g., sheep to plural sheep
hit to past hit
drink (verb) to drink (noun)
100
What are the morphological types of languages?
SAP =
synthetica
analytic
polysynthetic
101
What is another name for analytic types of languages?
isolating
102
What is another name for synthetic types of languages?
agglutinating or fusional
103
What are analytic languages?
```
sequences of free morphemes (no affixes)
e.g., Mandarin
wɔ mən tan tçin
I plural play piano
‘We are playing the piano’
wɔ mən tan tçin lə
I plural play piano past
‘We played the piano’
- vietnamese
```
104
What is a synthetic language?
bound morphemes attach to other morphemes
e.g., Mandarin
agglutinating - Swahili
105
What is an agglutinating language?
a clear boundary is between affix and stem (Swahili, Turkish, Japanese)
e.g., Swahili ni-na-soma
I-present-read
‘I am reading’
106
What is a fusional language?
single affix, many meanings
e.g., Russian
Spanish habl-o 1st singular and present
