Nov 13, 15, 20 Flashcards
What does structural ambiguity imply?
the same word order, different constituent structure
e.g., Pat saw a man with binoculars:
it can be that Pat used binoculars to see the man, or that Pat saw the man who was using binoculars
Can you conjoin two NP?
yes
e.g., sleep dogs and cats
it could be sleepy dogs, and cats that are not or
sleepy dogs and sleepy cats
In the phrase “Pat saw a man with binoculars”, what is under the master NP and what is under the master VP?
NP - Pat
VP - saw a man with binoculars
What is the morphological tree for “Pat saw a man with binoculars”?
S- NP-N-Pat VP-V-saw VP-NP-Det-a VP-NP-N-man VP-PP-P-with VP-PP-NP-N-binoculars
How can “sleepy dogs and cats” be presented as a syntactic tree?
NP NP-Adj-sleepy NP-N-dogs NP-Conj-and NP-NP-N-cats
What does the phrase “sleepy dogs and cats” provide an example of?
sometimes in syntactic tree a NP can branch to a N, which can branch to another N, as opposed to branching to another NP
Why would a noun branch into another noun in a syntact structure?
sometimes the nouns are equal, and need to remain at the same level
e.g., sleepy dogs and cats
NP-Adj-sleepy
-N-N-dogs
- Con-and
-N-N catsWhat is the syntactic structure for “you can enjoy a gourmet meal in your sweatpants”?
S
- NP-N-you
- Aux-can
- VP-V-enjoy
- NP-Det-a
- Adj-gourmet
- N-meal
- PP-P-in
- NP-Det-your
- N-sweatpants
How can the phrase “you can enjoy a gourmet meal in your sweatpants” be varied in syntactic tree?
the part “in your sweatpants” can branch from the NP for “a gourmet meal”, rather than from the direct VP for “enjoy”
What is the word order typology for English?
typically subject-verb-object (35%)
What is the most typical word order typology?
SOV (44%)
Japanese, Turkish
What is the word order for Irish?
VSO
What is the word order for Arabic?
VSO
What is the word order forFijian?
VOS
What is the word order for Malagasy
VOS
What are the rarest word order typologies?
OSV and OVS
What does headedness refer to?
when the subejct of the sentence initiates or ends the sentence
e.g. English: eat the apple
Hindi Apple eat
Are word order typologies the same as headedness?
No. I’m not sure why.
______ is how sentences and other phrases can be constructed out of smaller phrases and words
syntax
Syntax is a subfield of linguistics that studies the component of -
grammar
How do you know which combintions of words are sentences and which are not? This is the study of
syntax
Words and phrases are all linguistic —
expressions
Syntax is concerned with how expressions combine with one another to form larger _
expressions
When a string of words really does form a sentence of some language, we say it is
grammatical
If some string of words does not form a sentence, we call it _ and mark it with the symbol _
ungrammatical
*
When a sentence is grammatical, we say that it is syntactically _
well-formed
If a sentence is ungrammatical, we say that it is _ _
syntactically ill-formed
Native speaks of a given language are uniquely qualified to decide whether a string of words forms a sentence in the native language, thereby making a
grammaticality judgment
A _ _ is a reflection of speakers’ mental grammar, and not a test of the _ _ of the prescriptive rules
grammatical judgment
conscious knowledge
Why do syntax and semantics sometimes are dependent on one another?
assembling sentences and other phrases is to communicate more complex meanings than we could if we just used individual words
e.g., Bob likes Sally
vs.
Sally likes Bob
The meaning of a sentence depends on the meanings of the expresions and on the way they are syntactically combined is called the _ _ _
principle of compositionality
When you know a language, you can understand an infinite number of sentences because you know the meanings of the _ expressions
lexical
When you know a language, you know the consequences that different ways of syntactically combining words will have on the meaning of larger, multi-word _ _
phrasal expressions
Although all language have a(n) _ lexicon, they all allow a(n) _ number of meaningful sentences
FINITE
INFINITE
Can syntax and semantics be independent? Why or why not?
Yes
it is possible to have a grammatical syntactically well-formed sentence with a bizarre meaning, and its opposite
e.g., colorless green ideas sleep furiously (syntactically correct)
vs
Green sleep colorless furiously ideas (syntactically illk-formed)
It’s possible for actual sentences to express _ meanings and for non-sentences to convey _ meanings
strange ordinary e.g., Sally ate (doesn't require an object) vs *Sally devoured (needs an object)
If we assume that meanings determine the syntactic properties of expressions, then we would NOT expect to see _ _ across languages
syntactic differences
e.g. Ana has a dog
vs.
[Ana has a dog]
Words with equivalent meanings can behave quite _ syntactically in different languages
differently
While syntactic combination has consequences for the meanins that sentences express, meanings do not determine the _ _ of _ and syntactic _-formedness is largely independent of meaning
syntactic properties of expressions
well-formedness
What are syntactic properties?
the kinds of restrictions that exist on combinations of expressions
What is involved with syntactic properties? word _ and _ of expressions
word order
co-occurrence of expressions
What is co-occurrence of expressions?
if some expression occurs in a sentence, this determines what other expressions can or must co-occur with it in that sentence
Deviating from the word order pattern usually results in _
ungrammaticality
e. g., Sally walked
vs.
* walked Sally
35% of the world’s language are SVO, like _ and
English
The majority of languages (44%) show SOV pattern, such as _ and _
Korean and Turkish
About 19% of languages are VSO, like _ and _
Arabic and Irish
What word order patterns are rare?
VOS, OVS, and OSV
e.g., Vos - Austronesian language spoken in Madagascar
washes clothes with the soap the man
“The man washes clothes with the soap”
Many different languages use different _ _ in different contexts
word order
e.g., German typically SVO, while subordinate clauses exhibit SOV
e.g., Kart cooks the soup
vs
Magda is happy that Karl the soup cooks
“Magda is happy that Karl is cooking the soup”
English has a different word order when using _ sentences, featuring _ word order
topicalized VSO e.g., Is Sally a student? OSV e.g., Oh, apples, I like
In English, the determine “that” must precede the _
noun
e. g., Sally still hasn’t rad these books
vs.
* Sally still hasn’t read books these
In English, prepositions such as “with” must come immediately to the _ of the noun phrase
left
e. g., Sally finally met with that person
vs.
* Sally finally met that person with
In Japanese, expressions like “to” [with] are called _
POSTpositions, not prepositions
e.g., this child with
“with this child”
Languages can have word order restrictiosn that mandate that a certain expression occur in a _
specific position in a sentence
Many expressions have co-occurrence requirements, with certain other expressions are required to occur in that sentence as well. These are referred to as
arguments (co-occurence the verb “devour” with an object)
e. g. sally devoured an apple
vs.
* Sally devoured
If the occurrence of some expression x in a sentence necessitates the occurrence of some expression y, then we say that y is a(n)
argument
e.g.,
Sally devoured an apple
- “devoured” requires two arguments: an object (an apple) and a subject (Sally), or
- Sally and an apple are both arguments of devoured
Non-subject arguments are specifically called _
complements
e.g.,
Sally devoured an apple - an apple is a complement of devoured
If a language has very flexible word order, is it still sentence to the co-occurrence requirements of expressions?
yes
Arguments do not have to be _ _
noun phrases
T or F: expressions can require multiple complements
true
e.g., Sally told Polly she’s leaving - Polly and she’s are comps of told
Sally put the book on the desk - book and on the desk are comps of put
Sally persuaded Bob to go on vacation - Bob and to go on vacation are both comps of persuaded
For a sentence to be well-formed, all the expressions it contains have to have all and only the _ they need
arguments e.g., devoured needs exactly one subject argument and exactly one complement, there fore *Sally devoured, and *Sally devoured an apple a pear are ungrammatical
The restriction on the number of arguments that an expression can combine with can also be observed with _ and _
nouns and determiners
e.g., a noun such as dog cannot occur by itself. rather, it has to be preceded by a determiner such as “a”, but it cannot be preceded by more than one determiner
Can languages differ in terms of co-occurrence restrictions, just as they could differ in terms of word order?
yes
While thre have to be exactly the right number and type of arguments for each expression in a sentence, there are certain kinds of expressions whose occurrence in a sentence is purely option. These kinds of expressions are called
adjuncts
e.g.,
Sally like SMALL dogs
Sally likes SMALL FLUFFY dogs
T of F : you are limited to the number of adjunct expressions in a sentence otherwise you wind up with a non-sentence
F, it is nearly limitless
_ adjectives don’t have to occur in the sentence if it is grammatical
attributive
e.g., Sally likes SMALL dogs
Can you add atributive adjectives to any sentence?
no
e. g., Sally likes Bob
* Sally likes fluffy Bob
The occurrence of attributive adjectives in a sentence is dependent on there being…
expressions that can be describe
e.g., dogs - SMALL, FLUFFY
Are arguments and adjuncts always different?
no.
If X is an adjunct of Y, then Y is an argument of X because the presence of Y in a sentence is necessary for X to occur
If Y is an argument of X, then X is always Y’s adjunct
false
e. g., Sally runs vs.
* Sally runs sleeps (runs is not an adjunct, and neither is sleeps)
adjuncts are sometimes called
modifiers
e.g., Sally likes dogs vs Sally likes SMALL dogs (i.e. she doesn’t like all dogs)
Arguments are _, while adjuncts are _
obligatory
optional
You cannot have more than the required in _, and you can have as many as you like in _
arguments
adjuncts
You can be freely ordered with respect to one another in _, and you cannot be freely ordered with respect to one another in _
adjuncts
arguments
Another kind of requirement that expressions can have concerns the particular _ form of their arguments, known as a(n)
morphological
agreement
Inflectional morphological form of an expression influences _ requirements
co-occurrence
e. g., Sandy likes Bob
vs.
* (I/you/we/they) likeS Bob
The _ form of an expression can convey information about number, person, gender, and other so-called grammatical features, or some combination of them
inflectional
Demonstratives also show agreement patterns with _ in number
nouns
e. g., This girl came
vs.
* This girlS came
English distinguishes only singular and plural number for _, but other languages can have different kinds of grammatical number
nouns
What other language distinguishes between singular, plural, and dual, for groups of two things?
Inuktitut e.g., nuvuja - cloud nuvujak - two clouds nuvujait - three or more clouds
Some languages like Korean do not mark grammatical _ on nouns at all
number
Other types of agreement are observed in languages, such as verbal forms having to agree with the subject in _
gender
e.g., Lei e andatA a Palermo
Is grammatical gender an arbitrary system of classification?
definitely
The morphological form of an expression does not/have consequences for its syntactic properties
DOES!
morphology and syntax are often seen as tightly related components of grammar, and are often referred to jointly as
morphosyntax
Certain groups of expressions within a larger phrase can form a syntactic unit known as a
syntactic constituent
The syntactic constituents of a phrasal expression are
the smaller expressionsn out of which the phrase was constructed
e.g., on the desk
The words in a syntactic constituent can form to act as a(n)
adjunct
e.g., Sally went to France in July
Is “on the desk” in “Theh cat was sleeping on the desk” a constituent?
yes
Is “sleeping on the desk” in “the cat was sleeping on the desk a constituent?
yes
A kind of sentece in which some constituent is displaced (or moved) to the lefft is known as a
cleft
T or F: i.e. if you try to move some expression that does not form a constituent, the cleft will NOT be grammatical
T
e.g., It was ON THE DESK that the cat was sleeping
vs.
The cat was sleeping ON THE DESK
The cleft test will/not work for all kinds of constituents
will not
e.g., *it was sleeping ont he desk that the cat was
The final constituency test is _, involving replacing a constituent with a single word (or simple phase)
substitution
If you can replace the string of words you are testing with one word and the result is the
constituent
The best words to use for the substitution test are
pro-forms
Pronouns are the most familiar _, but there are others as well
pro-forms
Pro-forms include pronouns and even pro-
verbs
e.g., do; be; have
She was sleeping on the desk
Is “on the” in “The cat was sleeping on the desk” a constituent?
no
*the cat was sleeping (it/there/then/such/do so) desk
Constituency tests are a useful tool for discovering the _ constituents of a sentence, and they are/not perfectly reliable
syntactic
not
A syntactic category consists of a
set of expressions that have very similar syntactic properties, they have the same word order and co-occurrence requirements
When two expressions have similar _ properties, they are usually interchangeable in a sentence; you can substitute them for one another and still have a
grammatical sentence
When when expressions have similar syntactic properties, and can occur in almost all the same syntactic environments, they are considered having the same
syntactic distribution
e.g., Sally likes the cat
vs
Sally likes fluffy
Are fluffy and cat interchangeable? Why or why not?
no, and so they do not belong to the same syntactic category
Expressions do not belong to a given syntactic _ by virtue of their morphological or semantic properties. Rather, it is because of their syntactic _
category
properties
Syntactic categories are based on a _ system
classification
We cannot distinguish syntactic categories based on their _ properties
morphological proeprties
e.g., sleep, tell, destroy, and devour are in the same category, but do not comprose a USEFUL syntacti category
If we want to categorize expressions of a language syntactically, we have to take into account their _ _, not their _, _ properties, or what they sound like
syntactic
not meaning
not morphological properties
What is the highest syntactic category in English?
a sentence
What denounces a senstence in syntactic categorization?
S
What is under S (one of)?
NP
noun phrase
e.g., if the phrase can be replaced with a pronoun and the result is a rammatical sentence, then it is an NP, whereas if it wasas ungrammatical it is not
e.g., Is Fluffy in Fluffy was sleep on the desk an NP?
Yes, Fluffy/she was sleeping on the desk
e.g., *Is cat in The cat was sleeping on the desk an NP? N
No. The CAT was sleeping on the desk *The SHE was sleeping on the desk
expressions such as desk and cat belong to the syntactic category of _
nouns (N)
How do N and NP syntactic categories differ?
Ns can co-occur with determiners (Det) like the, whereas NPs cannot
e.g., THE CAT was sleeping on the desk - The cat is an N because of the detemriner
What type of nouns are cat or desk also known as? defined as being able to be counted
count nouns
What are mass nouns?
nouns that cannot (easily) be counted and cannot normally be pluralized
e. g., advice is a mass noun
* two advices
Do mass nouns need a determiner?
no, since they can also be replaced with a pronoun
e.g., ADVICE can be helpful / IT can be helpful
What kind of determiners are:
this, that, these, those?
demonstrative
What kind of determiners are:
my, your, his, her, our, etc.?
possessive
What kind of determiners are: a, some, the, every, all, few, most, some etc.?
quantificational determiners
Why is “some” a determiner?
it is any expression that can be combined with a noun to its right to form an expression of a category NP therefore some works
e.g., Some cats like… - NP
What else uses a determiner in syntactical categorizeation?
ATTRIBUTIVE adjectives
e.g., Sally likes THE CUTE GRAY CAT / Sally likes FLUFFY
What are attributive adjectives?
expressions that can occur immediately to the left of a noun, with the resulting expression having the same distribution as a plain noun
What is another second-highest syntactic category
verb phrase (VP)
When can a verb phrase occur in a sentence?
left of the NP it’s a regular sentence, whereas right of the NP makes it the subject of the sentence
e.g., Sally GAVE BOB SOME MONEY / VP
Verbs that require no complements are known as
intransitive verbs
e.g., slept (VP, just needs an N) vs. liked (VP, requiring an NP complement)
such as “Sally liked the cat”, vs. *“Sally liked”
What verbs require a complement of category S to form a VP?
sentential complement verbs
e.g. Sally thought BOB LIKED HER / complement S
Many expressions that can occur in a verb phrase as adjuncts are of the category _
adverb
e.g., Sally wrote the letter CAREFULLY / adverb
any expression that consists of a VP followed by an adverb has the same distribution as a _
VP
e.g., Sally WROTE THE LETTER CAREFULLY / VP (incl an adverb)
What are adverbs also known as?
VP adjuncts (you can’t have the category V, but can have the category Adv)
What are adjectives also known as?
N adjuncts (NP)
What is another VP adjunct often used?
PP prepositional phrase, which is a preposition and a noun phrase
e.g., Sally wrote the letter WITH A PEN / PP
What are these examples of:
down, on, with, in, over, under, for, from, of, and at?
prepositions
PP occur _ a noun/phrase
AFTER
What does N require?
a determiner to its LEFT
THE dog
What does Det require?
occur after the noun to form an NP
How is a simplified grammar created?
using lexicon, phrase structure rules,
What is lexicon?
a representaton of lexical expressions and their syntactic properties ; tells us whuch syntactic category a lexical expression belongs to
e.g.., the dog ate the mouse (NP, VP)
What captures patterns of syntactic combos?
phrase structure rules
What is the display of lexical expressions using phrase structure rules called?
a phrase structure tree
e.g., Fluffy slept
S
- NP
- Fluffy
- VP
- sleptWhat does a noun phrase consist of?
Det + (Adj) + N
e.g., The fluffy cat slept
S
- NP
- Det
- the
- N
- Adj
- fluffy
- N
- cat
- VP
- sleptWhat composes a VP?
VP = TV/DTV + NP; = SV + S; = DTV + NP + NP
What is the phrase structure tree for “Sally gave Bob this dog”?
Sally gave Bob this dog
S
- NP
- Sally
- VP
- DTV
- gave
- NP
- Bob
- NP
- Det
- this
- N
- dogWhat is a PP composed of?
P + NP
What is a linguistic expression?
a piece of language that has a certain form, a certain meaning, and certain syntactic properties
What is the linguistic expression’s form?
the sequence of sounds associated with a word or a sequence of words
Linguistic forms can be _, which means that they can correspond to more than one distinct expression
ambiguous
e.g., Sally works at a BANK, downtown
vs.
There is a bike path along the east BANK, of the Olentangy River
Bank in reference to a river, and bank in reference to a financial institution, have the same form but different _ _
syntactic properties
What are types of ambiguity?
where a single (phonological) word corresponds to distinct expressions that differ in meaning, syntactic properties or both
What are types of ambiguity referred to as?
lexical ambiguity
e.g., We LOVE (VERB) Fluffy vs Our LOVE (NOUN) for Fluffy will never die
What is another name for lexical ambiguity?
homophony
e.g., Sally has a FAST (ADJ) car vs Sally walks FAST (ADV)
What is structural ambiguity?
when parts of a sentence can be interpreted using different syntactical categories within a phrase structure tree
e.g., Sandy said Tom WOULD BE HERE YESTERDAY (VP) vs Sandy said Tom would be here, YESTERDAY
What two ways can we represent the phrase “The cop saw the man with the binoculars”?
S - NP - Det (the)
- N (cop)
- VP - VP - TV - saw
- NP
- Det (the)
- N (man)
- PP
- P (with)
- NP
- Det (the)
- N (binoculars)
(means the cop was using binoculars and saw the man)
In the phrase “the copsaw the man with the binoculars” how can you use the phrase structure tree to show that the man was wearing binoculars, and was seen by the cop?
S
- NP
- Det (the)
- N (cop) - VP
- TV (saw)
- NP
- Det (the)
- NP
- N (man)
- PP
- P (with)
- NP
- Det (the)
- N (binoculars)
What is semantics?
a subfield of linguistics that studies meaning and how expressions convey meanings
What can we subdivide semantics into?
lexical and compositional
what is lexical semantics?
deals with the meanings of words and other lexical expressions, including the meaning relationships among them
What are compositional semantics?
concerned with phrasal meanings and how phrasal meanings are assembled
What are two aspects of linguistic meaning?
sense and reference
What is the sense of an expression?
some kind of mental representation of its meaning, or some kind of concept
e.g., “cat” can bring up images of a lot of things related to cats, and which are packaged into this mental representations
The particular entities in the world to which some expression refers are called its
referents
e.g., Sebastian, Herbie are references of the expression “cat”
What are the referents for “the queen of the US”?
trick question. it doesn’t make sense, so there aren’t any referents
What is another way to confirm something is a referent?
if it can perfectly replace it in another sentence
e.g. The Olympics were in the most populous country in the world vs He was born in China (the same sense, but different referent)
dictionary-style definitions are the most or least effective way to represent meaning?
the least, because they are cyclical
e.g., deity = being or having the nature of a divinity = another definition sometimes using the original word (deity) as an explanation
mental image definitions are the most or least effective way to represent meaning
it’s effective because they already represent our comprehension, although they can differ from one another
The default mental image of a word is the
prototype
the best form of a word’s meaning is its
usage
word reference requires
exactness
e.g., my car = not a Toyota Echo, but the red Toyota Echo product number _, made in _
What is hyponymy?
one thing that always assume the other, therefore the more specific one is a hyponym of the more general one
e.g., Fluffy is a Ragdoll, therefore Fluffy is a cat (Ragdolls are cats, therefore Fluffy’s a cat; Ragdoll is a hyponym (below) of cat)
How do we create a visual representation of a hyponymous relationship?
circles
e.g., Fluffy ) Ragdoll ) Cat)
What is a hypernym?
that which is more general than specific for meaning
e.g., Fluffy is a RAgdoll, therefore Fluffy is a cat; Ragdolls are cats, therefore cat is a hypernym (above) of Ragdoll
Can synonyms have different senses?
yes, but they need to have similarities
e.g., quickly vs fast
What is another name for antonyms?
complementary pairs (either/or) e.g., married/unmarried
Other than complementary pairs, what is another version of antonyms?
on a continuum (more or less than), or gradable pairs
e.g., wet/dry
What is the third type of antonym?
reverses
e.g., movement that “undoes” the other, and vice-versa, such as expand/contract
What is the fourth type of antonym?
converses
e. g., having opposing points of view or sides of a spectrum
e. g., lend vs borrow
What is a truth value?
a proposition that can be true or false, and the ability to be true or false is the ability to have a truth value
Can a proposition be false?
absolutely
What are the conditions that would have to hold in the world in under for some proposition to be true?
truth conditions
What is entailment?
evaluating truth conditions in a sentence to see if they are true or false
e.g., All dogs barks, therefore Sally’s dog barks
When two propositions refer to each other, what is that called?
mutual entailment
e.g., I have a sister vs. Cheryl has a sister.
When two propositions negate the other, what are they referred to as?
incompatible
What is compositional semantics?
putting meanings together
The meaning of a sentence (or any other multi-word expression) is a function of the meanings of the words it contains and the way in which these words are syntactically combined
principle of compositionality
The principle of compositionality irelates to the design of _
productivity - the greater the number of combinations of words and their meanings creates an infinite number of compositions
When words are frequired to be in a certain order, they are referred to as
compositional
What is a phrase with a non-lexical meaning?
an idiom
e.g., “kick the bucket” = die
When combining an adjective with nouns, we refer to their meaning as
pure intersection
e.g., green sweaters = everything that’s green + every sweater - non-green sweaters
When combining adjectives and nouns, what does we refer to when the meaning is according to the type of noun it is?
relative intersection
e.g., tall + giraffe = a taller-than-normal giraffe, which is naturally tall
What is another type of relative intersection?
subsective intersection
What are non-intersection adjectives?
those that do not require a reference
e.g., alleged thief
When an adjective completely negatives the noun, what is that referred to as?
an anti-intersection
e.g., fake Picasso
What is pragmatics
the study of language used in conversation
what is a sentence?
a phrasal expression that expresses some (complete) idea
What is an utterance?
whenever a person speaks or signs a sentence, making it an event
e.g., if two people say the same sentence, it is two utterances, but still one sentence
What does an utterance have that a sentence doesn’t?
context
What is a deictic?
a placeholder of words that don’t inherently refer to something specific. These words’ meanings are always determined by the context in which they are uttered
e.g., Can you take the trash out? one sentence, multiple meanings
What has preceded a particular utterance in a discourse?
linguistic context, made up of all sentences that have been uttered in a discourse leading up to the utterance in question
What is situational context?
gives info about the world around us even if they have not mentioned it before in the discourse
e.g., saying it smells before you see your friend with a bag of weed
What kindn of context includes information about the relationships between people who are speaking and what their roles are?
social context
e.g., determining specific language for your Baba vs a teacher, etc
What is felicity?
appropriateness relative to a context
when is an utterance felicitous?
when it is situationally appropriate, and is appropriate relative to the context in which it is uttered
What is used when an utterance is infelicitous
(whereas * refers to ungrammaticality)
Is felicity dependent on context?
yes!
What is Grice’s cooperative principle?
the basic assumption underlying conversation is the understanding that what one says is intended to contribute to the purposes of the conversation (an intent to be cooperative)
What is the cooperative principle based upon?
preventing meaningless discourse by using conversatonal maxims which guide the conversational interactions of both speakers and hearers
What type of utterances are ones that conform to Grice’s maxims?
felicitous
What maxim addresses our expectations of honesty in conversation?
maxim of quality
What is the maxim of quality hindered by?
if the speaker randomly mixes lies with the truth, or if the hearer assumes that anything the speaker says is likely to be a lie
What are the two maxims of quality?
do not say what you believe is false
do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence
quality – Trump
What is the simplest of maxims?
that of relevance
What does making your contribution as informative as is required, as well as do not mamke your contributin more informative than is equired ,maxims of?
quantity
The maxims of _ differ critically from the other sets of maxims since the others have to do with the info that a speaker is expected to give or not, whereas this refers to how it is presented
maxim of manner
What is the other rule to maxim of manner?
- avoid obscurity of expression
- avoid ambiguity
- be orderly
be brief!
Avoid use of _ when avoiding obscurity of expression
jargon
What is flouting a maxim?
presenting an utterance without giving a literal example, instead creating a often sarcastic one
What kind of maxim is flouted in the phd reference letter example?
he asked me to write a letter. he is polite, dressed, and on-time
quantity
People draw inferences from what others say based on the assumption that speakers are _
adhering to the cooperative principle
What is this a good example of
Is Jamie dating anyone these days?
Well, she goes to Cleveland every weekend
an implication
What kind of maxim is this implicature?
Have you done your homework for all of your classes yet?
I’ve finished my history homework
maxim of quantity
If you want a situation to be orderly, what maxim does this imply?
the maxim of manner
If we imply that we have evidence, what maxim is this using?
maxim of quality
What are these examples of? assertion question request order promise threat
speech acts
What functions in conveyingn information?
an assertion
What functions in eliciting info?
a question
What elicits action or information?
a request
What is an order?
a demand of action
What is a promise
it commits the speaker to an action
What is a threat?
commits the speaker to an action that the hearer does not want
What type of felicity conditions are these fore:
speaker believes actions has not yet been done
speaker want the action done
speaker believes that the hearer is able to do the action
speaker believes that the hearer may be willing to do things of that sort for the speaker
felicity conditions for requests
what is an example of a felicity condition for questions?
the speaker…
does not want some piece of info about something
wants to know that info about something
believes that the hearer may be able to supply the info
What is a performative verb and how is it used in a speech act?
the particular action named by the verb is accomplished in the performance of the speech act itself
e.g., “I repeat: …”
What is the structure and formation of phrases and sentences known as?
syntax
What is syntax similar to, in terms of hierarchical structure, order, and meaning?
morphology
What is missing of the list of syntactic knowledge?
- grammaticality judgments
- word order
- syntactic constituents and catgories
- hierarchical structure
- phrase structure rules
- structural ambiguity
- co-occurrence: argument vs adjunct, agreement
What is defined as a requirement that x co-occur with y, specific to verbs and nouns?
co-occurrence
e.g., The boy rested (subject, argument) vs. The boy ate/*devoured (objected, argument)
What is an adjunct?
an OPTIONAL element in syntax
e.g., sally seemed happy ON TUESDAY
What is an argument?
required by the verb or noun
e.g., John devoured A PIZZA
What does an argument imply?
obligatoriness
ordering, and..?
uniqueness
Morphological requirements between a verb and its subject argument or a noun and its determiner require co-occurrence _
agreement
