Sentence Production

Question 1

What is conceptualization?

Answer 1

Decide what we want to say

Question 2

What is lexicalization?

Answer 2

Find words that fits our message

Question 3

What is articulation?

Answer 3

Plan several muscle movements to create the appropriate series of sounds

Question 4

What is form encoding?

Answer 4

Figure out how the words we’ve selected are going to sound

Question 5

What does it mean that sentence production is incremental?

Answer 5

We prepare a few words and then we build the rest of the sentence as we go. Assembly line.

Question 6

What is grammatical encoding in sentence production?

Answer 6

Bock and levelt (1994) how we impose grammar until the string of words we want to produce.

Question 7

Har are the two stages of grammatical encoding?

Answer 7

Functional processing and positional processing.

Question 8

In grammatical encoding what is functional processing?

Answer 8

Lexical selection and functional assignment. This means that lemmas are retrieved and tagged for function (decision subject, direct object and the words fitting with it in the sentence).

Question 9

In grammatical encoding what is positional processing?

Answer 9

Constituent assembly and inflection. Inflection is where you will add suffixes and other sorts of suffixes that indicates space (ed, s, ing, articles for gender). Constituent assembly is where you build the structure that is needed for the sentence.

Question 10

What are the evidence for 2 stages of grammatical encoding?

Answer 10

Speech errors they also support the distinction between functional and positional processing.

Question 11

Does word exchange errors and substitution errors respect the syntactic category constraint theory?

Answer 11

Yes. There is a level of processing where syntactic category matters.

Question 12

What are the different types of errors which are used in testing grammatical encoding?

Answer 12

Word exchange errors. Word substitution errors. Stranding errors (does not respect SCC).

Question 13

What is stranding errors?

Answer 13

Switching around words but keeping the suffixes at the right place. “I trucked my park”. It does not support the syntactical category constraint

Question 14

What does word errors say about order and lemma retrieval?

Answer 14

Shows determining order and lemma retrieval are separate.

Question 15

Other than speech errors what else has been used to test the 2 stages of grammatical encoding?

Answer 15

Syntactic priming and agreement errors

Question 16

What is a sample of syntactic priming?

Answer 16

A prime sentence will be showed (active or passive) then afterwards a picture needs to be described.
The findings shows that if you have or read an active sentence you are more likely to produce a active sentence yourself and the same for passive sentences.

Question 17

What are POs?

Answer 17

Prepositional object

Question 18

What is DOs?

Answer 18

Double object sentence

Question 19

What does syntactic priming show?

Answer 19

Sentence production is not words on a string but syntax is involved in sentence production.

Question 20

What is prepositional object (POs) structure?

Answer 20

The cowboy gives a banana to the robber

Question 21

What is double object (DO) structure?

Answer 21

The cowboy gives the robber a banana.

Question 22

Describe Bock (1989) study about syntactic priming (structural or function words) using PO and DO.

Answer 22

3 types of sentences one with a recipient(P.O.), a benifactive(PO) and one with DO.
It doesn’t matter if the sentence has a recipient or benifactive both prime prepositional dative structures more than a sentence with double object structure. It shows that priming is obtained even if prime and target have different roles (semantic) or different function elements (lexical similarity).

Question 23

What sentences did Bock (1989) use to test priming syntactic?

Answer 23

The secretary took a care (to her boss) which has a recipient. The secretary baked a cake (for her boss) which is benifactive and lastly a sentence with (the boss the cake) which is double object structure.

Question 24

Bock and loebell (1989) tested structure vs semantics in priming syntactic. How did they test it and what did they find?

Answer 24

They had sentences which were active, passive or locative. Then they had to describe a picture.
The study found that passive and locative prime passive structures ,pee them active structures despite different meanings. So priming is syntactic not semantic.

Question 25

Bock and Loebell (1989) did a study looking at constituent structure vs surface similarities. How did they test it and what did they find?

Answer 25

They had sentences with DO, PO and to clauses. They found that only the PO prime biases towards prepositional dative structure (the man feeds a fish to the seal). To-clauses does not prime. So if sentences has surface similarities it is not enough to prime syntactic structure.

Question 26

What structure produce priming?

Answer 26

Only constituent structure. Surfaces and semantic, and shared similarities. It has to be the underlying abstract structure which prime.

Question 27

Pickering and Brannigan (1998) wanted to look at syntactic priming in verb changes (lexical interactions). How did they test this and what did they find?

Answer 27

They had sentences with PO prime (rep), PO prime (form) and PO prime (no rep).
So the two sentences had same verb but in different form and the last verb was same tense as first sentence but a different verb.
They found when the verb changes there is no change in priming. When lemma is repeated there is a boost in priming.

Question 28

What does the verb changes in Pickering and Branigan (1998) suggest?

Answer 28

Abstract lexical items (lemmas) underlie lexical interaction, not from (lexeme) similarity. It suggests phrasal options liked to lemmas (like other grammatical features). Implicates functional processing.

Question 29

What level can priming take place in the two stage model of grammatical encoding?

Answer 29

Both positional processing and functional processing.

Question 30

What are linear order effects?

Answer 30

Two sentences that doesn’t differ in functional characteristics, only in ordering characteristics. Priming of linear order taken as evidence of a stage in processing where linear order is computed (positional processing).

Question 31

Is agreement errors seen in surface structure?

Answer 31

Courts = more mistakes
Course = few mistakes
Phonological cues play a role.

Question 32

What plays a role in agreement errors?

Answer 32

Semantic cues can play a role. Phonological cues can’t play a role. Positional cues don’t play a role. It supports a top down model.

Question 33

What does the experiment of making choices on the fly by Griffin and Garton (2003) find?

Answer 33

Measured eye movement, syntactic priming and picture matching task. A confederate in the experiments and asks the participant what is happening in his picture like “is the young boy feeding dish to the seal.” Or “is the young boy swimming?” The boy was swimming in the picture.
They then looked at PO and DO sentences of the participants. The participants where more likely to answer PO structure to the “wrong question” than answering with DO structure.
The eye movement shows indecision and disfluencies are increased when making up your own sentence rather than repeating it.
It supports incremental processing.