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Psychology of Language > Language Production > Flashcards

Language Production Flashcards

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1
Q

At what age do we have a nearly fully functioning linguistic system?

A

About age 5 or 6.

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2
Q

How many words do we know as literate adults?

A

50.000-100.000

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3
Q

How many words do we produce per second?

A

2-4 words

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4
Q

How my errors do we make roughly every 100 words?

A

Around 2 errors.

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5
Q

What is faster production vs comprehension?

A

Production lags behind comprehension in acquisition.

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6
Q

What are the stages of language production?

A

Conceptualization, formulation and articulation.

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7
Q

What is conceptualization?

A

Decided what you what to say and what you don’t need to say.

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8
Q

What happens in formulation?

A

Lexicalization + syntactic planning and phonological encoding

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9
Q

What is lexicalization?

A

Finding the words that best express your meaning.

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10
Q

What is syntactic planning?

A

Putting the words in the right order, with the right relationships and inserting appropriate grammatical elements.

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11
Q

What is phonological encoding?

A

Assembling the sounds needed for the words and making the necessary adjustments for context. The level of representation drives articulation.

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12
Q

What do we investigate language errors?

A

Because they provide a window into the types of representations used in production and the types of computations involved.

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13
Q

What can we do with observations of errors?

A

By observing errors and forming generalizations over their patterns of occurrences, we can start to form hypotheses about what the architecture of the system must look like.

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14
Q

What are the two types of errors in language production?

A

Sounds errors and word errors

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15
Q

What is a sound error?

A

Accidental deletion or interchange of sounds between words.

“I don’t care for the beer -> care for the bear”

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16
Q

What is word errors in language production?

A

Accidental transpositions or replacement of words.

“Writing a mother to my letter”

17
Q

What is syntactic category constraint?

A

We make errors where we exchange words with same syntactic features. Verbs for verbs, noun for nouns and so on.

18
Q

What types of sound errors do we make?

A

Consonant clusters, endings with endings, vowels change with vowels.

19
Q

What are the reasons for distinguishing between lemme and lexeme levels?

A

Word errors and sounds errors seems to be different.

20
Q

What are lemmas?

A

Grammatical words

21
Q

What is a lexeme?

A

Phonological form of the word

22
Q

What do speech production researchers agree on?

A

There must be a distinction between semantic, syntactic and phonological types of information which are stored and accessed independently.

23
Q

Which order is phonological, semantic and syntax related to each other?

A

First semantic then syntax and then phonology

24
Q

What are lexical concepts?

A

Semantics. Concepts are non linguistics memory representations that encode meaning which can relate to words.

25
Q

What is a phoneme?

A

Individual sounds that make up lexemes

26
Q

Describe levelts 2 stage model of language production

A

Lemme stage 1 and lexeme stage 2.

27
Q

Which study did Wheeldon and Monsell (1992) conduct?

A

Finish the sentence (picture of ball).

Found that it’s lemma based not form based.

28
Q

Explain spread of activation in stroop tasks

A

One barrel and one water supply= a picture of the collar red.
Two barrels and one water supply = blue in red writing.
One barrel with two water supply = red in red writing

29
Q

Glaser and Dungelhoff (1984) conducted a study about distractor effects. What did they find?

A

Pictures are displayed with visually or auditory presented distractor words. Semantically related distractor words slow down picture making relative to unrelated distractor.

30
Q

What are category effects?

A

Words within same category (horses pig and deer) can affect reading time.

Psychology of Language (11 decks)

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