Language Production Flashcards
At what age do we have a nearly fully functioning linguistic system?
About age 5 or 6.
How many words do we know as literate adults?
50.000-100.000
How many words do we produce per second?
2-4 words
How my errors do we make roughly every 100 words?
Around 2 errors.
What is faster production vs comprehension?
Production lags behind comprehension in acquisition.
What are the stages of language production?
Conceptualization, formulation and articulation.
What is conceptualization?
Decided what you what to say and what you don’t need to say.
What happens in formulation?
Lexicalization + syntactic planning and phonological encoding
What is lexicalization?
Finding the words that best express your meaning.
What is syntactic planning?
Putting the words in the right order, with the right relationships and inserting appropriate grammatical elements.
What is phonological encoding?
Assembling the sounds needed for the words and making the necessary adjustments for context. The level of representation drives articulation.
What do we investigate language errors?
Because they provide a window into the types of representations used in production and the types of computations involved.
What can we do with observations of errors?
By observing errors and forming generalizations over their patterns of occurrences, we can start to form hypotheses about what the architecture of the system must look like.
What are the two types of errors in language production?
Sounds errors and word errors
What is a sound error?
Accidental deletion or interchange of sounds between words.
“I don’t care for the beer -> care for the bear”
What is word errors in language production?
Accidental transpositions or replacement of words.
“Writing a mother to my letter”
What is syntactic category constraint?
We make errors where we exchange words with same syntactic features. Verbs for verbs, noun for nouns and so on.
What types of sound errors do we make?
Consonant clusters, endings with endings, vowels change with vowels.
What are the reasons for distinguishing between lemme and lexeme levels?
Word errors and sounds errors seems to be different.
What are lemmas?
Grammatical words
What is a lexeme?
Phonological form of the word
What do speech production researchers agree on?
There must be a distinction between semantic, syntactic and phonological types of information which are stored and accessed independently.
Which order is phonological, semantic and syntax related to each other?
First semantic then syntax and then phonology
What are lexical concepts?
Semantics. Concepts are non linguistics memory representations that encode meaning which can relate to words.
What is a phoneme?
Individual sounds that make up lexemes
Describe levelts 2 stage model of language production
Lemme stage 1 and lexeme stage 2.
Which study did Wheeldon and Monsell (1992) conduct?
Finish the sentence (picture of ball).
Found that it’s lemma based not form based.
Explain spread of activation in stroop tasks
One barrel and one water supply= a picture of the collar red.
Two barrels and one water supply = blue in red writing.
One barrel with two water supply = red in red writing
Glaser and Dungelhoff (1984) conducted a study about distractor effects. What did they find?
Pictures are displayed with visually or auditory presented distractor words. Semantically related distractor words slow down picture making relative to unrelated distractor.
What are category effects?
Words within same category (horses pig and deer) can affect reading time.
