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Physiology > Sensory Transduction > Flashcards

Sensory Transduction Flashcards

1
Q

where do most axons of retinal ganglion cells synapse?

A

lateral geniculate nucleus

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2
Q

how do intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) differ from the other types of photoreceptor cells – rods and cones?

A

ipRCGCs are able to respond to bright light even w/o input from rods and cones.

  • involved in several non-imaging functions of visual system
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3
Q

receptive field of ganglion cells at retinal periphery is what compared to fovea (center of retina)?

A

much larger

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4
Q

what is the main response of the outer hair cells to depolarization?

A

outer hair cells contract, amplifying movement of basilar membrane.

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5
Q

what is the main response of inner hair cells to depolarization?

A

inner hair cells release NTs.

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6
Q

under scotopic conditions, human eye is maximally sensitive at

A

~500 nm

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7
Q

under photopic conditions, human eye is maximally sensitive at

A

~560 nm

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8
Q

S cone, M cone, L cone peak at what point?

A

~420 nm

~530 nm

~560

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9
Q

melanopsin peaks at what point of the spectrum?

A

~475 nm

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10
Q

dark adaptation

A

rods

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11
Q

light adaptation

A

cones

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12
Q

a condition that doesn’t have 2 of the 3 functional cone pigments

A

monochromacy (true color blindness)

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13
Q

absence of one functional pigment

A

dichromacy

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14
Q

shift in absorption spectrum of one pigment relative to normal

A

anomalous trichromacy

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15
Q

a light sensitive protein

A

melanopsin

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16
Q

functions of ipRGCs

A
  • plays a role in maintaining circadian rhythm
  • activity inhibits production of melatonin by pineal gland
  • provides photic info to brain’s sleep-wake regulatory systems
  • reports levels of ambient daytime illumination
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17
Q

olfactory receptors are _____/

A

neurons

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18
Q

taste receptors are ______.

A

modified epithelial cells

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19
Q

location of foliate papillae

A

folds along lateral surfaces of tongue

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20
Q

location of circumvallate papillae

A

posterior tongue

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21
Q

location of fungiform papillae

A

flat anterior surface of tongue

22
Q

what kind of receptor cells are replaced throughout life?

A

olfactory receptor cells

23
Q

how many genes does one olfactory receptor cell express?

A

only one gene is expressed by each receptor cell

24
Q

function in detecting head rotation

A

3 semicircular canals

25
Q

detect head position (gravity) and linear head movement

A

otolithic organs – utricle, saccule

26
Q

What structures of the ear collect and focus waves into external auditory canal?

A

pinna/auricle and tragus

27
Q

What connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx??

A

Eustachian tube

28
Q

What does Eustachian tube do>

A

equalizes pressure on opposite side of tympanic membrane

29
Q

Function of middle ear (an air filled chamber)

A

Serves to transfer vibrations of TM to the oval window

30
Q

What is the function of tensor tympani and stapedius?

A

their contract dampens transfer of sound to inner ear

31
Q

Which fluid filled compartment of cochlea does the air enter?

A

Scala vestibuli

32
Q

What kind of fluid do scala tympani and scala vestibuli contain?

A

Perilymph

33
Q

What kind of fluid does scala media contain?

A

Endolymph

34
Q

What do mechanoreceptors monitor?

A
  • BP in heart
  • stretching of gut and intestines
  • skin contact
  • pressure on teeth
35
Q

What layers of the skin are innervates by sensory receptors?

A

epidermis, dermis

36
Q

What are 2 specialized types of free nerve endings?

A

Merkel discs

Hair follicle receptors

37
Q

Rapidly adapting receptors

A

hair follicle receptors

38
Q

slowly adapting receptors for light touch

A

merkel discs

39
Q

Meissner’s corpuscles

A

respond to low frequency vibrations and light touch

40
Q

Pacinian corpuscles

A

respond to deep pressure and high frequency vibrations

41
Q

Ruffini’s corpuscles

A

slow adapting; respond to skin stretch

42
Q

proprioceptors

A

detect notion and position of body through a stimulus produced w/in body

43
Q

golgi tendon organ contains what kind of axons ?

A

Group Ib axons

44
Q

muscle spindle contains what kind of axons?

A

There are 2.

Primary sensory endings - group Ia axons

Secondary sensory endings - group II axons

45
Q

What kind of innervation does muscle spindle receive?

A

afferent and efferent innervation

46
Q

Why do muscle spindles still get motor innervation when their primary function is sensory?

A

To continue to maintain control over sensitivity of the spindle

This is done with the help of gamma motor neurons, which cause intrafusal muscle fibers to contract in parallel w/ extrafusal fibers

47
Q

What do tears have that help fight infection?

A

lysozymes, antibodies

48
Q

What constantly secretes aqueous humor in the eyes?

A

ciliary epithelium

49
Q

Aqueous humor

A

protein free ultrafiltrate of blood plasma

50
Q

What is the importance of keeps the anterior portion of the eye slightly pressurized — ~20mmHg?

A

helps maintain eye shape

51
Q

When ciliary my muscles are contracted, the lens are?

A

Rounded for close vision

52
Q

when ciliary muscles are relaxed, lens are ______/

A

flattened for distant vision

Physiology (9 decks)

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