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Physiology > circuits of CNS > Flashcards

circuits of CNS Flashcards

1
Q

what are Central Pattern Generators?

A

neural circuits that produce rhythmic motor output

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2
Q

what is a Local Circuit?

A

arrangement of neurons and their synaptic connections within local brain region

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3
Q

Define microcircuits.

A

finer arrangements of neurons and synapses w/in local circuits

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4
Q

what are the 3 elements of local circuits?

A
  • input axons
  • interneurons
  • projection/output neurons
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5
Q

what neurons function in local processing?

A
  • interneurons or intrinsic neurons whose axonal connections remain within the local circuit
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6
Q

how do neurons in local circuits operate?

A

these neurons operate in parallel w/ one another and info from each circuit is mutually shared while continually influencing its neighbors.

(in a highly interactive, simultaneously interdependent, expansive networks)

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7
Q

A single motor neuron & muscle cells it synapses on are collectively called _______.

A

motor unit

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8
Q

_________ innervate main force generating muscle fibers.

A

alpha motor neurons

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9
Q

_________innervate only fibers of muscle spindles.

A

gamma motor neurons

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10
Q

what generates rhythms?

A

combination of intrinsic pacemaker properties and synaptic interconnections

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11
Q

how to achieve coordination among various limbs?

A

sets of central pattern generators must be interconnected

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12
Q

what is reciprocal innervation?

A

it increases effectiveness of stretch reflex by minimizing antagonistic forces of antagonist muscles.

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13
Q

sound localization along vertical plane depends on what?

A

distinctive shape of external ear (pinna)

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14
Q

how to accurately determine sound along horizontal plane (horizontal direction)?

A
  • two ears needed wherein cochlea of each ear will process the sounds and then sounds will be compared by neurons w/in CNS
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15
Q

Interaural intensity difference measures what?

A

sounds that are high in frequency (~2 to 20 kHz)

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16
Q

What does the NS use IOT measure low frequencies?

A

interaural time-delay map, using info from both ears together

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17
Q

how does the brain measure interaural timing?

A

neural delay lines and coincidence detectors

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18
Q

Do neurons in cochlear nuclei receive info from both ears?

A

No. Neurons in each nuclei receive input from only the ear on one side.

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19
Q

What neurons receive abundant input from both ears?

A

medial superior olivary nucleus

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20
Q

what do the axonal length of delay lines and their conduction velocity determine?

A

how long it takes for activated APs to go from cochlear nucleus to presynaptic terminals onto the MSO neuron.

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21
Q

What is the 1st place where APs from both ears converge?

A

superior olivary nucleus

22
Q

how does the brain organize sensory input and motor output?

A

brain organizes these functions spatially by use of maps.

23
Q

Main force-generating muscle fibers

A

extrafusal fibers

24
Q

Muscle spindles

A

intrafusal muscle fibers

25
Q

group of motor neurons innervating a muscle

A

motor neuron pool

26
Q

Example of monosynaptic/myotatic reflex

A

knee jerk reflex

27
Q

What neuron will be stimulated in knee jerk reflex?

A

primary sensory afferent, which convey their info through Group Ia axons.

28
Q

Monosynaptic communication

A

Direct communication b/w sensory and motor neurons

29
Q

Why is the reflex relaxation of the antagonist muscle in the knee jerk reflex considered polysynaptic?

A

it is considered polysynaptic b/c IOT achieve inhibition, branches of group Ia sensory axons synapse w/ inter neurons that inhibit alpha motor neurons of antagonist muscle of quadriceps, resulting in relaxation of semitendinosus muscles.

30
Q

Sensitive to tension w/in a tendon & respond to the force generated by muscle rather than to muscle length

A

golgi tendon organ

31
Q

Example of polysynaptic inverse myotatic reflex

A

Golgi tendon reflex

32
Q

Axons present in golgi tendon organ

A

group Ib axons

33
Q

axons present in muscle spindles/intrafusal muscles

A

group Ia axons and group II axons

34
Q

What group of axons are involved in polysynaptic flexor reflex?

A

group A delta axons

35
Q

What axons does a noxious stimulus activate?

A

group A delta axons

36
Q

How is flexor reflex different from simple stretch reflex?

A

flexor reflexes coordinate movement of entire limbs and even pairs of limbs

Ex. During noxious stimuli

37
Q

Central pattern generators in SC CAN CREATE COMPLEX

A

motor program even WITHOUT SENSORY FEEDBACK

38
Q

What is a motor program?

A

Set of structured muscle commands determined by NS before a movement begins

39
Q

What makes the visual thalamus?

A

primary visual cortex

40
Q

interneurons facilitate sensory-motor communication

A

polysynaptic reflex

ex. golgi tendon, flexor

41
Q

CPGs in spinal cord take advantage in:

A
  • sensory feedback
  • interconnections among spinal segments
  • interactions with brainstem control centers
42
Q

is phantom limb a psychological problem?

A

NO but sensations originate from SC and brain

43
Q

brain’s ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections

A

plasticity

44
Q

coincidence detection

A

axons from both right & left cochlear nuclei converge and synapse onto a series of neurons in MSO nucleus

45
Q

neurons from MSO nucleus and higher CNS centers receive input from: both ears? one ear only?

A

both ears

46
Q

a positive feedback circuit found in respiratory center

also helps maintain consciousness, muscular coordination, & normal breathing

A

reverberation

47
Q

circuit in which neurons or poos process same info simultaneously

found in reflex arcs

A

parallel-after discharge

48
Q

continuous firing after stimulus has stopped

A

after discharge

49
Q

a circuit in which neurons or pools work sequentially

A

serial processing

50
Q

convergence circuit

A

provides input to a single neuron from multiple sources

51
Q

divergence circuit

A

spreads stimulation to multiple neurons or neuronal pools in CNS

52
Q

interneurons are organized into functional groups

A

neuronal pools (responsible for broad range of neural functions)

Physiology (9 decks)

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