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chapter10 Flashcards

1
Q

ANS

A

regulates and controls visceral functions, HR, BP, DIGESTION, TEMP, and REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION.

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2
Q

How is visceral control achieved?

A

By reflex arcs that consist of visceral afferent neurons that send messages from periphery to CNS that receives this input and VISCERAL MOTOR OUTPUT.

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3
Q

In CNS, aside from the BRAIN and SP, what else are included?

A

CN II, retina

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4
Q

In CNS, what provides myelin?

A

Oligodendrocytes

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5
Q

In CNS, can axons regenerate?

A

NO

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6
Q

What are the components of PNS?

A

peripheral ganglia & cell bodies, sensory receptors, peripheral portions of SC & CN (except CN II); afferent & efferent

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7
Q

In PNS, what provides myelin?

A

Schwann cells

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8
Q

In PNS, can axons regenerate?

A

YES

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9
Q

Human brain contains….

A

more glial cells then neurons

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10
Q

Corollary

A

Damage to specific part of brain causes predictable symptoms, enabling physician to establish anatomical location of prob

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11
Q

What fibrillary structures composed the specialized regions of neurons?

A
  • neurofilaments/intermediate filaments
  • microtubules
  • thin filaments
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12
Q

What do the cytoskeleton enable axons and dendrites to do?

A

Capacity to change shape

Plasticity believes to play role in synaptic alterations linked with learning and memory

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13
Q

Cell body

A

Responsible for neuronal housekeeping functions and synthesis, processing of proteins

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14
Q

Dendrites

A

Receive info

Contains receptors that bind and respond to NTs

Contains mRNA, golgi, ribosomes

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15
Q

Axons

A

Send info away from cell body

self reliant in energy metabolism, taking up glucose and oxygen to produce ATP

Long and have high density of Na+ channels

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16
Q

Initial segment of axon

A

spike initiation zone

Untampered, unmyelinated region where AP arises

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17
Q

Non-myelinated axon

A

AP travels down the axon by CONTINUOUS PROPAGATION

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18
Q

Myelinated axon

A

AP jumps from one node of Ranvier to another by SALTATORY CONDUCTION.

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19
Q

How are presynaptic terminals designed?

A

designed for rapid conversion of neuron;’s electrical signal into a chemical signal

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20
Q

What does a synapse comprise of?

A

Presynaptic terminal, postsynaptic membrane and space b/w 2 synaptic clefts

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21
Q

How can amplification of signals occur?

A

dendritic spines; infolding of plasma membrane

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22
Q

Why can neurons be thought of as highly specialized endocrine cells?

A

Neurons Package and store
hormones and hormone - like molecules which the
neurons release rapidly into the extracellular
space by exocytosis in response to external stimuli

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23
Q

What play important roles in dictating vectorial transport of proteins ana organelles?

A

microtubule-associated proteins, microtubules

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24
Q

What are the 2 major MAPs found in brain?

A

MAP-2 (High molecular weight protein); MAP-1

Tau proteins (low molecular weight)

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25
MAP-2
abundant in dendrites and assist in dendrite formation
26
Tau proteins
confined in axons prevent formation of axon without altering formation of dendrites
27
What causes hyperphosphorylated tau proteins?
pathological aggregates called NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES that are a hallmark in Alzheimer’s.
28
Where are the plus ends of microtubule of axons pointed to?
Away from cell body, polarizing flow of material into and out of axon.
29
How are microtubules organized in dendrites?
Do not form consistent orientation function is similar to soma/cell body
30
What are principal freight of fast axoplasmic transport?
Membranous organelles including vesicles and mitochondria where proteins, lipids, polysaccharides are sequestered for a speedy ride
31
What is a microtubule dependent-motor protein?
KINESIN - fast anterograde transport
32
What is the function of kinesin?
an ATPase helps microtubule to move organelles and vesicles
33
What to axons use for fast retrograde transport (movement of materials back toward cell body)?
Brain dynein or MAP-1C
34
How does MAP-1C move?
also an ATPase that helps microtubules transport materials but direction is going back to cell body.
35
What is a cortical motor neuron?
Affects different brain areas - dorsal root ganglion a projection neuron
36
Cortical inhibitory neuron
an interneuron Affects only nearly neurons - retinal bipolar cell
37
What is an example of a pyramid shaped cell?
Hippocampal pyramidal neuron
38
What is an example of radial-shaped cell?
Cortical stellate cell
39
Examples of afferent/sensory neurons
- sensory nucleus of CN V (trigeminal) | - dorsal root ganglion cell
40
examples of efferent/motor neurons
- spinal motor neurons | - motor neurons in ANS
41
How does information travel in special visceral neurons”
Info travels to or from structures derived from branchial arch region of embryo
42
Special somatic neurons
Handle only sensory info Neurons arise from organs of special sense
43
What germ layer does NS and skin arise from?
Ectoderm
44
NOTOCHORD
specialized cord of mesodermal cells underling ectoderm
45
What forms the neural tube and what cells direct process of neurulation?
Neuroectoderm; directed by cells of not-chord
46
What structures arise from neural tube?
Brain, spinal cord
47
What arise from lumen of neural tube?
4th ventricle of brain; central canal of SC
48
What arise from NEURAL CREST?
- majority of PNS - peripheral cells of ANS - chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla - sympathetic ganglia - unipolar neurons - satellite cells - Schwann cells - pigment cells of skin - CN V, VII, IX, X
49
what arise from telencephalon?
Basal ganglia. Cerebral cortex
50
What arise from diencephalon?
thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus, neurohypophysis
51
What forms from mesencephalon?
midbrain
52
metencephalon forms...
pons, cerebellum
53
myelencephalon forms...
medulla
54
What is the groove formed as neural tube thickens with cell proliferation?
Sulcus limitans
55
The sulcus limitans divides neural tube into
Basal plate - ventral; develops into ventral horn in SC; efferent neurons Alar plate - dorsal; afferent neurons; dorsal horn
56
What are neuroepithelial cells?
Rapidly dividing stem cells that give rise to neurons and glial cells
57
what does the ventricular zone of neuroepithelial cells produce?
Progenitor cells that produce neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells
58
what influences rate of cell division?
Epidermal growth factor, platelet-derived GF, growth hormones
59
neuronal progenitor cells
appear earliest and produce nearly the entire complement of adult neurons during early embryonic life.
60
What helps neurons migrate to their anatomical positions?
Adhesion molecules
61
how do radial cells help neurons migrate?
Contacted by migrating neurons and they determine direction of neuronal migration
62
Cell-cell adhesion molecules
promote selective cellular aggregation Examples: cadherins - ca2+ dependent neural cell adhesion molecules (n-cam) - ca2+ independent
63
Laminin and fibronectin
extracellular matrix molecules/glycoproteins that form cellular roadway where migrating cells can interact Secreted by astrocytes, neurons
64
Integrin (cell matrix adhesion molecule)
Bind laminin and fibronectin together making axons move together in fascicles Expressed at axon surface
65
What is the ability of a cell to follow chemical signals emitted from target cell? Give example.
Chemotaxis; growth cones/regenerating axons
66
Netrin
attracts developing axons destined to cross midline
67
Cephalocele
partial brain herniation through skull defect - cranium bifidum
68
meningocele
meningeal herniation through skull or spine defect
69
Spina bifida occulta
vertebral arch defect ONLY
70
Spina bifida cystica
herniation of dura and arachnoid through vertebral defect
71
myelomeningocele
herniatIon of SC and meninges through vertebral defect
72
What are the ONLY NEURONS that can regenerate and divide throughout adult life?
Olfactory bulb neurons
73
What are the main cells that proliferate at the brain injury site?
Microglial cells
74
Astrocytic glial scar
- reaction of brain to injuries | - produced by enlargement of astrocytes and increased expression of glial acidic fibrillary protein
75
Lesion divides the axon in proximal and distal segments
Wallerian degeneration Distal segment degenerates
76
Chromatolysis
process were neuron cell bodies swell and undergo characteristic rearrangement of organelles after axonal injury
77
What is transneuronal or trans-synaptic degeneration of neuron?
degeneration of healthy neurons that are synaptically connected to injured neurons
78
what is retrograde degeneration?
Healthy neuron degenerates because it synapsed with an injured cell
79
What is anterograde degeneration?
a neuron that received synaptic contacts from an injured cell
80
What interconnect the 2 cerebral hemispheres?
Corpus callosum and small white matter tracts
81
What contains 50% of CNS neuron but only 10% of CNS volume?
CEREBELLUM - little brain 40 afferent: 1 efferent ratio
82
What kind of info does cerebellum process?
Visual and auditory input
83
What are the 3 parts of cerebellum?
- vestibulocerebellum - spinocerebellum - cerebrocerebellum
84
vestibulocerebellum FUNCTION
- maintains body balance via vestibular system and inner ear
85
spinocerebellum FUNCTIOn
- helps regulate muscle tone | - receives strong input from muscle stretch receptors thru connections in brain stem and SC
86
cerebrocerebellum FUNCTION
- coordinates motor behavior | - receives projections from sensorimotor portions of cerebral cortex
87
largest part of cerebellum
Cerebrocerebellum
88
What is the sorting center for sensory input and sends it to cerebral cortex?
thalamus
89
controls arousal and memory function
thalamus
90
What disease severely impairs movement but when subthalamus is stimulated it is possible to improve movement?
Parkinson’s disease
91
What receives projections from basal ganglia that are important motor function?
Subthalamus
92
what is the master regulator of endocrine and ANS?
HYPOTHALAMUS
93
What are the important control centers of ANS?
brain stem: midbrain, pons, medulla
94
What is the reticular formation part of brain stem?
contains loosely interconnected collection of neurons and fiber
95
midbrain
control eye movement (CN III, CN IV) (Occulomotor, trochlear)
96
Pons
control mastication, eye movements, facial muscles (CN 5, 6, 7) - CN 8: hearing and equilibrium
97
medulla
somatic motor neurons (CN XI, XII) - spinal accessory, hypoglossal Together w/ pons: involved respiration, digestion, HR, BP (CN 9, 10) - glossopharyngeal, vagus)
98
What is the most important descending tract?
Lateral corticospinal tract
99
where can we find both ascending and descending tracts?
white portion of SC white matter?
100
where can we find 90% of the cell bodies of lateral corticospinal tract?
contralateral cervical cortex
101
Segmental reflex
sensory fibers enter SC and synapse directly w/ motor neurons in same segment
102
intersegmental reflex
incoming fibers synapse w/ neurons in other spinal segments
103
suprasegment reflex
incoming signals travel rostrally to brain stem before they synapse
104
organized bundle of axons in PNS
peripheral nerves
105
loose CT that surrounds an individual axon
Endoneurium
106
CT sheath the covers fascicles
perineurium
107
matrix of CT that surrounds groups of fascicles
Epineurium
108
Bundles of axons
fascicles
109
Fasciculations
small twitches of muscle cells that happen when motor axon is first damaged but has not lost it’s continuity; can be seen under the skin
110
fibrillation
muscle fibers twitching spontaneously
111
diseases that affect the PNS...affect what first?
longest nerves of body (SC to feet) Then when disease progresses, involvement will move centripetally (leg toward trunk) then goes to portions of legs and arms
112
Stocking and glove defect
both hands and feet are affected

Physiology (9 decks)

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