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chapter10 Flashcards

1
Q

ANS

A

regulates and controls visceral functions, HR, BP, DIGESTION, TEMP, and REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION.

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2
Q

How is visceral control achieved?

A

By reflex arcs that consist of visceral afferent neurons that send messages from periphery to CNS that receives this input and VISCERAL MOTOR OUTPUT.

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3
Q

In CNS, aside from the BRAIN and SP, what else are included?

A

CN II, retina

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4
Q

In CNS, what provides myelin?

A

Oligodendrocytes

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5
Q

In CNS, can axons regenerate?

A

NO

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6
Q

What are the components of PNS?

A

peripheral ganglia & cell bodies, sensory receptors, peripheral portions of SC & CN (except CN II); afferent & efferent

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7
Q

In PNS, what provides myelin?

A

Schwann cells

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8
Q

In PNS, can axons regenerate?

A

YES

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9
Q

Human brain contains….

A

more glial cells then neurons

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10
Q

Corollary

A

Damage to specific part of brain causes predictable symptoms, enabling physician to establish anatomical location of prob

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11
Q

What fibrillary structures composed the specialized regions of neurons?

A
  • neurofilaments/intermediate filaments
  • microtubules
  • thin filaments
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12
Q

What do the cytoskeleton enable axons and dendrites to do?

A

Capacity to change shape

Plasticity believes to play role in synaptic alterations linked with learning and memory

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13
Q

Cell body

A

Responsible for neuronal housekeeping functions and synthesis, processing of proteins

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14
Q

Dendrites

A

Receive info

Contains receptors that bind and respond to NTs

Contains mRNA, golgi, ribosomes

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15
Q

Axons

A

Send info away from cell body

self reliant in energy metabolism, taking up glucose and oxygen to produce ATP

Long and have high density of Na+ channels

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16
Q

Initial segment of axon

A

spike initiation zone

Untampered, unmyelinated region where AP arises

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17
Q

Non-myelinated axon

A

AP travels down the axon by CONTINUOUS PROPAGATION

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18
Q

Myelinated axon

A

AP jumps from one node of Ranvier to another by SALTATORY CONDUCTION.

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19
Q

How are presynaptic terminals designed?

A

designed for rapid conversion of neuron;’s electrical signal into a chemical signal

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20
Q

What does a synapse comprise of?

A

Presynaptic terminal, postsynaptic membrane and space b/w 2 synaptic clefts

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21
Q

How can amplification of signals occur?

A

dendritic spines; infolding of plasma membrane

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22
Q

Why can neurons be thought of as highly specialized endocrine cells?

A

Neurons Package and store
hormones and hormone - like molecules which the
neurons release rapidly into the extracellular
space by exocytosis in response to external stimuli

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23
Q

What play important roles in dictating vectorial transport of proteins ana organelles?

A

microtubule-associated proteins, microtubules

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24
Q

What are the 2 major MAPs found in brain?

A

MAP-2 (High molecular weight protein); MAP-1

Tau proteins (low molecular weight)

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25
Q

MAP-2

A

abundant in dendrites and assist in dendrite formation

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26
Q

Tau proteins

A

confined in axons

prevent formation of axon without altering formation of dendrites

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27
Q

What causes hyperphosphorylated tau proteins?

A

pathological aggregates called NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES that are a hallmark in Alzheimer’s.

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28
Q

Where are the plus ends of microtubule of axons pointed to?

A

Away from cell body, polarizing flow of material into and out of axon.

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29
Q

How are microtubules organized in dendrites?

A

Do not form consistent orientation

function is similar to soma/cell body

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30
Q

What are principal freight of fast axoplasmic transport?

A

Membranous organelles including vesicles and mitochondria

where proteins, lipids, polysaccharides are sequestered for a speedy ride

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31
Q

What is a microtubule dependent-motor protein?

A

KINESIN - fast anterograde transport

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32
Q

What is the function of kinesin?

A

an ATPase helps microtubule to move organelles and vesicles

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33
Q

What to axons use for fast retrograde transport (movement of materials back toward cell body)?

A

Brain dynein or MAP-1C

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34
Q

How does MAP-1C move?

A

also an ATPase that helps microtubules transport materials but direction is going back to cell body.

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35
Q

What is a cortical motor neuron?

A

Affects different brain areas - dorsal root ganglion

a projection neuron

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36
Q

Cortical inhibitory neuron

A

an interneuron

Affects only nearly neurons - retinal bipolar cell

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37
Q

What is an example of a pyramid shaped cell?

A

Hippocampal pyramidal neuron

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38
Q

What is an example of radial-shaped cell?

A

Cortical stellate cell

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39
Q

Examples of afferent/sensory neurons

A
  • sensory nucleus of CN V (trigeminal)

- dorsal root ganglion cell

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40
Q

examples of efferent/motor neurons

A
  • spinal motor neurons

- motor neurons in ANS

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41
Q

How does information travel in special visceral neurons”

A

Info travels to or from structures derived from branchial arch region of embryo

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42
Q

Special somatic neurons

A

Handle only sensory info

Neurons arise from organs of special sense

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43
Q

What germ layer does NS and skin arise from?

A

Ectoderm

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44
Q

NOTOCHORD

A

specialized cord of mesodermal cells underling ectoderm

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45
Q

What forms the neural tube and what cells direct process of neurulation?

A

Neuroectoderm; directed by cells of not-chord

46
Q

What structures arise from neural tube?

A

Brain, spinal cord

47
Q

What arise from lumen of neural tube?

A

4th ventricle of brain; central canal of SC

48
Q

What arise from NEURAL CREST?

A
  • majority of PNS
  • peripheral cells of ANS
  • chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla
  • sympathetic ganglia
  • unipolar neurons
  • satellite cells
  • Schwann cells
  • pigment cells of skin
  • CN V, VII, IX, X
49
Q

what arise from telencephalon?

A

Basal ganglia. Cerebral cortex

50
Q

What arise from diencephalon?

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus, neurohypophysis

51
Q

What forms from mesencephalon?

A

midbrain

52
Q

metencephalon forms…

A

pons, cerebellum

53
Q

myelencephalon forms…

A

medulla

54
Q

What is the groove formed as neural tube thickens with cell proliferation?

A

Sulcus limitans

55
Q

The sulcus limitans divides neural tube into

A

Basal plate - ventral; develops into ventral horn in SC; efferent neurons

Alar plate - dorsal; afferent neurons; dorsal horn

56
Q

What are neuroepithelial cells?

A

Rapidly dividing stem cells that give rise to neurons and glial cells

57
Q

what does the ventricular zone of neuroepithelial cells produce?

A

Progenitor cells that produce neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells

58
Q

what influences rate of cell division?

A

Epidermal growth factor, platelet-derived GF, growth hormones

59
Q

neuronal progenitor cells

A

appear earliest and produce
nearly the entire complement of adult neurons during
early embryonic life.

60
Q

What helps neurons migrate to their anatomical positions?

A

Adhesion molecules

61
Q

how do radial cells help neurons migrate?

A

Contacted by migrating neurons and they determine direction of neuronal migration

62
Q

Cell-cell adhesion molecules

A

promote selective cellular aggregation

Examples: cadherins - ca2+ dependent

neural cell adhesion molecules (n-cam) - ca2+ independent

63
Q

Laminin and fibronectin

A

extracellular matrix molecules/glycoproteins that form cellular roadway where migrating cells can interact

Secreted by astrocytes, neurons

64
Q

Integrin (cell matrix adhesion molecule)

A

Bind laminin and fibronectin together making axons move together in fascicles

Expressed at axon surface

65
Q

What is the ability of a cell to follow chemical signals emitted from target cell? Give example.

A

Chemotaxis; growth cones/regenerating axons

66
Q

Netrin

A

attracts developing axons destined to cross midline

67
Q

Cephalocele

A

partial brain herniation through skull defect - cranium bifidum

68
Q

meningocele

A

meningeal herniation through skull or spine defect

69
Q

Spina bifida occulta

A

vertebral arch defect ONLY

70
Q

Spina bifida cystica

A

herniation of dura and arachnoid through vertebral defect

71
Q

myelomeningocele

A

herniatIon of SC and meninges through vertebral defect

72
Q

What are the ONLY NEURONS that can regenerate and divide throughout adult life?

A

Olfactory bulb neurons

73
Q

What are the main cells that proliferate at the brain injury site?

A

Microglial cells

74
Q

Astrocytic glial scar

A
  • reaction of brain to injuries

- produced by enlargement of astrocytes and increased expression of glial acidic fibrillary protein

75
Q

Lesion divides the axon in proximal and distal segments

A

Wallerian degeneration

Distal segment degenerates

76
Q

Chromatolysis

A

process were neuron cell bodies swell and undergo characteristic rearrangement of organelles after axonal injury

77
Q

What is transneuronal or trans-synaptic degeneration of neuron?

A

degeneration of healthy neurons that are synaptically connected to injured neurons

78
Q

what is retrograde degeneration?

A

Healthy neuron degenerates because it synapsed with an injured cell

79
Q

What is anterograde degeneration?

A

a neuron that received synaptic contacts from an injured cell

80
Q

What interconnect the 2 cerebral hemispheres?

A

Corpus callosum and small white matter tracts

81
Q

What contains 50% of CNS neuron but only 10% of CNS volume?

A

CEREBELLUM - little brain

40 afferent: 1 efferent ratio

82
Q

What kind of info does cerebellum process?

A

Visual and auditory input

83
Q

What are the 3 parts of cerebellum?

A
  • vestibulocerebellum
  • spinocerebellum
  • cerebrocerebellum
84
Q

vestibulocerebellum FUNCTION

A
  • maintains body balance via vestibular system and inner ear
85
Q

spinocerebellum FUNCTIOn

A
  • helps regulate muscle tone

- receives strong input from muscle stretch receptors thru connections in brain stem and SC

86
Q

cerebrocerebellum FUNCTION

A
  • coordinates motor behavior

- receives projections from sensorimotor portions of cerebral cortex

87
Q

largest part of cerebellum

A

Cerebrocerebellum

88
Q

What is the sorting center for sensory input and sends it to cerebral cortex?

A

thalamus

89
Q

controls arousal and memory function

A

thalamus

90
Q

What disease severely impairs movement but when subthalamus is stimulated it is possible to improve movement?

A

Parkinson’s disease

91
Q

What receives projections from basal ganglia that are important motor function?

A

Subthalamus

92
Q

what is the master regulator of endocrine and ANS?

A

HYPOTHALAMUS

93
Q

What are the important control centers of ANS?

A

brain stem: midbrain, pons, medulla

94
Q

What is the reticular formation part of brain stem?

A

contains loosely interconnected collection of neurons and fiber

95
Q

midbrain

A

control eye movement
(CN III, CN IV)
(Occulomotor, trochlear)

96
Q

Pons

A

control mastication, eye movements, facial muscles
(CN 5, 6, 7)

  • CN 8: hearing and equilibrium
97
Q

medulla

A

somatic motor neurons
(CN XI, XII) - spinal accessory, hypoglossal

Together w/ pons: involved respiration, digestion, HR, BP
(CN 9, 10) - glossopharyngeal, vagus)

98
Q

What is the most important descending tract?

A

Lateral corticospinal tract

99
Q

where can we find both ascending and descending tracts?

A

white portion of SC

white matter?

100
Q

where can we find 90% of the cell bodies of lateral corticospinal tract?

A

contralateral cervical cortex

101
Q

Segmental reflex

A

sensory fibers enter SC and synapse directly w/ motor neurons in same segment

102
Q

intersegmental reflex

A

incoming fibers synapse w/ neurons in other spinal segments

103
Q

suprasegment reflex

A

incoming signals travel rostrally to brain stem before they synapse

104
Q

organized bundle of axons in PNS

A

peripheral nerves

105
Q

loose CT that surrounds an individual axon

A

Endoneurium

106
Q

CT sheath the covers fascicles

A

perineurium

107
Q

matrix of CT that surrounds groups of fascicles

A

Epineurium

108
Q

Bundles of axons

A

fascicles

109
Q

Fasciculations

A

small twitches of muscle cells that happen when motor axon is first damaged but has not lost it’s continuity;

can be seen under the skin

110
Q

fibrillation

A

muscle fibers twitching spontaneously

111
Q

diseases that affect the PNS…affect what first?

A

longest nerves of body (SC to feet)

Then when disease progresses, involvement will move centripetally (leg toward trunk) then goes to portions of legs and arms

112
Q

Stocking and glove defect

A

both hands and feet are affected

Physiology (9 decks)

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