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The Final Histo Exam > Sensory Systems -- Eye > Flashcards

Sensory Systems -- Eye Flashcards

1
Q

How many layers does the eye have? What are they?

A

3 – Outer fibrous coat, middle vascular coat, and inner retinal coat

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2
Q

Parts of the outer fibrous coat?

A

Cornea and Sclera

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3
Q

Parts of Middle Vascular Coat?

A

Iris, ciliary body, choroid

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4
Q

Parts of retinal coat?

A

Retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) and Neural Retina

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5
Q

What are the three chambers of the eye?

A

Anterior, Posterior, and Vitreous Cavity

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6
Q

Boundaries of the Anterior Cavity?

A

btw Cornea and Iris

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7
Q

Boundaries of Posterior Cavity?

A

btw iris and lens with attached fibers

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8
Q

Boundaries of Vitreous Cavity?

A

Lens to Retina

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9
Q

What covers part of the exposed eye surface and the interior of the eyelid?

A

Conjunctiva

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10
Q

Describe the appearance of the cornea.

A

Transparent, Convex shape

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11
Q

What are corneas for?

A

Focusing light and images

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12
Q

Describe the bloodflow to the cornea.

A

The cornea is avascular.

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13
Q

How does the cornea get nutrients.

A

Diffusion from the aqueous humor and peripheral parts get some from limbus vessel blood

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14
Q

How many layers does the cornea have?

A

5

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15
Q

What layer of the eye is very open to transplantation without rejection.

A

Cornea

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16
Q

What are the layers of the cornea?

A

Epithelium, Bowman’s Layer, Stroma, Decemet’s Membrane, Corneal Endothelium

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17
Q

What type of epithelium does the cornea have?

A

Non-keratinized Stratified squamous w/ small microvilli

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18
Q

What provides pain innervation of the cornea?

A

Trigeminal and Oculomotor

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19
Q

True or False. The corneal epithelium can not regenerate.

A

False

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20
Q

True or False. Bowman’s layer of the cornea can not regenerate.

A

True

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21
Q

What is the relationship of Bowman’s layer and the stroma.

A

Bowman’s layer is a membranous layer that is a part of the stroma.

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22
Q

What is Bowman’s layer primarily made of?

A

Type I Collagen

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23
Q

Name four components of the corneal stroma.

A

Type I and V Collagen lattice with an ECM rich in Chondroitin and Keratin Sulfate

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24
Q

Describe the structure of Decement’s membrane of the cornea.

A

Thick (5-10um) basement membrane. Contains type VII collagen.

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25
Q

What produced Decement’s membrane?

A

Coroneal endothelium

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26
Q

What does the surface of the corneal endothelium face?

A

The anterior eye chamber

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27
Q

How does the cornea prevent leakage of fluid into the stroma?

A

Impermeable intercellular spaces.

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28
Q

What is the sclera?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue that forms the opaque white portion of the eye.

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29
Q

Why have a sclera?

A

It provides protection, structural support, and an insertion point for extraocular muscles

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30
Q

What is the limbus?

A

Corneoscleral junction

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31
Q

What structures are found adjacent to the limbus?

A

the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm

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32
Q

Where does aqueous humor come from? What is it?

A

Ciliary body. Plasma-like (though with less protein) fluid in the eye.

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33
Q

Describe the flow of aqueous humor.

A

Ciliary Body –> Anterior Chamber –> Trabecular Network –> Canal of Schlemm –> Aqueous Veins –> Episcleral Veins

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34
Q

What happens when aqueous humor flow is interrupted?

A

Increased eye pressure (glaucoma)

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35
Q

What are the three regions of the middle tunic of the eye?

A

Choroid, Ciliary body, and Iris

36
Q

What is the Choroid?

A

A highly vascular nutrient supplier to all eye layers.

37
Q

Which region of the middle tunic will have prevalent melanin?

A

Choroid

38
Q

What are the three layers of the choroid?

A

Bruch’s membrane, Choriocapillaris, and Choroidal stroma

39
Q

Describe the Bruch’s membrane.

A

Innermost later of the choroid. Made of collagen/Elastic fibers with a basal lamina derived from pigmented epithelial cells and endothelial cells of capillaries.

40
Q

Describe the contents of the choriocapilaris.

A

Fenestrated capillaries that supply the retina and fovea.

41
Q

Describe the contents of the choroidal stroma.

A

Collagen/Elastic Fibers, large vessels, smooth muscle, melanocytes, and autonomics

42
Q

What are the two parts of the ciliary body?

A

Uveal and Neuroepithelial portion.

43
Q

Describe the uveal portion of the ciliary body.

A

Outer layer of choroid (spraciliaris) and ciliary muscle attached to suspensory ligament and fenestrated capillaries.

44
Q

Describe the neuroepithelial portion of the ciliary body.

A

2 layers of ciliary epithelium consisting of the outer pigmented layer continuous with RPE and Inner non-pig layer.

45
Q

The anterior portion of the ciliary body folds to form…

A

Ciliary process

46
Q

What does the ciliary process produce?

A

Aqueous humor

47
Q

What is the iris?

A

The anterior part of the uvea of the ciliary body made with smooth muscles that control pupil size.

48
Q

How will parasympathetic stimulation influence pupil size?

A

Pupil constrictor muscle will shrink the pupil

49
Q

How will sympathetic stimulation influence pupil size?

A

Pupil size will dilate

50
Q

Describe the lens.

A

Avascular, transparent, elastic, biconvex

51
Q

What encloses the lens?

A

The Capsule (a thick basement membrane like material)

52
Q

How does the lens change shape?

A

Changes in tension on the suspensory ligament fibers

53
Q

What is vitreous humor? What does it do?

A

gel like transparent substance made of water and hyaluronic acid. It fills the vitreous chamber to keep the lens and retina in place.

54
Q

What is a cataract?

A

Opacity of the lens associated with aging.

55
Q

What is the Retinal Pigmented Epithelium? Three Functions

A

An epithelium that absorbs scattered light rays

Allows phagocytosis of worn discs shed from rods

Releases Vitamin A to Photo Receptors

56
Q

What is the RPE adherent to?

A

Choroid

57
Q

There can be a space at what point in the RPE? So what?

A

Between the RPE and the rest of the retina. Trauma can dislodge the retina at this location.

58
Q

Describe rods.

A

Tall cylindrical cells that function primarily in low light and peripheral vision. Contain rhodopsin pigment.

59
Q

Rods contain what component derived from the plasma membrane?

A

Discs filled with rhodopsin.

60
Q

What is rhodopsin pigment used for?

A

As a transducer of light energy.

61
Q

What are Cones?

A

Shorter cone-shaped cells that perceive color vision and bright light. They have discs and pigments to red, green, and blue light. Located more centrally.

62
Q

What pigments are in rods and cones?

A

Rods - Rhodopsin

Cones - Red, Green, and Blue

63
Q

The outer segments of rods and cones contain what structures?

A

Modified cilia

64
Q

The fovea contains only ______.

A

Cones

65
Q

What happens to worn down old rods?

A

Shed into space btw outer space and RPE. RPE phagocytoses them.

66
Q

Describe the movement of new discs in the retina.

A

New are made from below, move upward, and replace the old. Cone discs are shed more slowly.

67
Q

What are the posterior retina landmarks?

A

Macula lutea and the Optic Disc

68
Q

How do you view the posterior retina landmarks?

A

Via a scope.

69
Q

What is the papilla?

A

Papilla where optic nerve fibers exit the retina, no photoreceptors

70
Q

What is the fovea?

A

A pit in the center of the macula made of 100% closely packed cones.

71
Q

Describe the vasculature of the macula.

A

The macula has no retinal vessels, but choroid vessels are abundant on the outside.

72
Q

Why have a fovea?

A

It is important for visual acuity.

73
Q

True or false. The rods of the fovea are highly represented in the optic nerve and visual cortex, forming “macular vision.”

A

False. Replace rods with cones, then it is true.

74
Q

Describe detached retina.

A

Neural retina separates from RPE and the choroidal capillaries which feed photoreceptors

75
Q

Describe age-related macular degeneration

A

Macular area/fovea lose function due to RPE behind the retina degrading and forming drusen and allowing leakage behind the fovea.

Foveal cones die –> central vision loss + loss of fine detail

76
Q

What are drusen?

A

White spots that form in age related macular degeneration.

77
Q

What is glaucoma?

A

Heightened pressure within the eye. Can compromise blood vessels of optic nerve and axons of ganglion cells.

78
Q

What causes glaucoma?

A

Anterior eye chamber cannot exchange fluid properly with normal flow.

79
Q

What is retinitis pigmentosa?

A

Rods of periph. retina degenerate. Night blindness early. Eventually tunnel vision.

Development of black pigment in the peripheral retina and thinned vessels at the optic nerve head.

80
Q

What should the TV show about Dr. Turek’s judge friend be called?

A

Justice is Blind.

81
Q

What occurs in diabetic retinopathy?

A

Eye vessels become distorted and multiply

82
Q

How do you treat diabetic retinopathy?

A

Shoot them with a mother fucking laser! (to stop blood vessel proliferation and fluid leakage).

83
Q

What is hereditary retinal dystrophy?

A

Inability of RPE to phagocytize worn out discs from rods.

84
Q

What is the lacrimal gland?

A

A compound tubuloalveolar gland.

85
Q

The lacrimal gland secretes tears containing what enzyme?

A

Lysozyme

The Final Histo Exam (5 decks)

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