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The Final Histo Exam > Sensory Systems -- Eye > Flashcards

Sensory Systems -- Eye Flashcards

1
Q

How many layers does the eye have? What are they?

A

3 – Outer fibrous coat, middle vascular coat, and inner retinal coat

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2
Q

Parts of the outer fibrous coat?

A

Cornea and Sclera

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3
Q

Parts of Middle Vascular Coat?

A

Iris, ciliary body, choroid

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4
Q

Parts of retinal coat?

A

Retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) and Neural Retina

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5
Q

What are the three chambers of the eye?

A

Anterior, Posterior, and Vitreous Cavity

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6
Q

Boundaries of the Anterior Cavity?

A

btw Cornea and Iris

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7
Q

Boundaries of Posterior Cavity?

A

btw iris and lens with attached fibers

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8
Q

Boundaries of Vitreous Cavity?

A

Lens to Retina

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9
Q

What covers part of the exposed eye surface and the interior of the eyelid?

A

Conjunctiva

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10
Q

Describe the appearance of the cornea.

A

Transparent, Convex shape

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11
Q

What are corneas for?

A

Focusing light and images

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12
Q

Describe the bloodflow to the cornea.

A

The cornea is avascular.

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13
Q

How does the cornea get nutrients.

A

Diffusion from the aqueous humor and peripheral parts get some from limbus vessel blood

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14
Q

How many layers does the cornea have?

A

5

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15
Q

What layer of the eye is very open to transplantation without rejection.

A

Cornea

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16
Q

What are the layers of the cornea?

A

Epithelium, Bowman’s Layer, Stroma, Decemet’s Membrane, Corneal Endothelium

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17
Q

What type of epithelium does the cornea have?

A

Non-keratinized Stratified squamous w/ small microvilli

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18
Q

What provides pain innervation of the cornea?

A

Trigeminal and Oculomotor

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19
Q

True or False. The corneal epithelium can not regenerate.

A

False

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20
Q

True or False. Bowman’s layer of the cornea can not regenerate.

A

True

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21
Q

What is the relationship of Bowman’s layer and the stroma.

A

Bowman’s layer is a membranous layer that is a part of the stroma.

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22
Q

What is Bowman’s layer primarily made of?

A

Type I Collagen

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23
Q

Name four components of the corneal stroma.

A

Type I and V Collagen lattice with an ECM rich in Chondroitin and Keratin Sulfate

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24
Q

Describe the structure of Decement’s membrane of the cornea.

A

Thick (5-10um) basement membrane. Contains type VII collagen.

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25
What produced Decement's membrane?
Coroneal endothelium
26
What does the surface of the corneal endothelium face?
The anterior eye chamber
27
How does the cornea prevent leakage of fluid into the stroma?
Impermeable intercellular spaces.
28
What is the sclera?
Dense irregular connective tissue that forms the opaque white portion of the eye.
29
Why have a sclera?
It provides protection, structural support, and an insertion point for extraocular muscles
30
What is the limbus?
Corneoscleral junction
31
What structures are found adjacent to the limbus?
the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm
32
Where does aqueous humor come from? What is it?
Ciliary body. Plasma-like (though with less protein) fluid in the eye.
33
Describe the flow of aqueous humor.
Ciliary Body --> Anterior Chamber --> Trabecular Network --> Canal of Schlemm --> Aqueous Veins --> Episcleral Veins
34
What happens when aqueous humor flow is interrupted?
Increased eye pressure (glaucoma)
35
What are the three regions of the middle tunic of the eye?
Choroid, Ciliary body, and Iris
36
What is the Choroid?
A highly vascular nutrient supplier to all eye layers.
37
Which region of the middle tunic will have prevalent melanin?
Choroid
38
What are the three layers of the choroid?
Bruch's membrane, Choriocapillaris, and Choroidal stroma
39
Describe the Bruch's membrane.
Innermost later of the choroid. Made of collagen/Elastic fibers with a basal lamina derived from pigmented epithelial cells and endothelial cells of capillaries.
40
Describe the contents of the choriocapilaris.
Fenestrated capillaries that supply the retina and fovea.
41
Describe the contents of the choroidal stroma.
Collagen/Elastic Fibers, large vessels, smooth muscle, melanocytes, and autonomics
42
What are the two parts of the ciliary body?
Uveal and Neuroepithelial portion.
43
Describe the uveal portion of the ciliary body.
Outer layer of choroid (spraciliaris) and ciliary muscle attached to suspensory ligament and fenestrated capillaries.
44
Describe the neuroepithelial portion of the ciliary body.
2 layers of ciliary epithelium consisting of the outer pigmented layer continuous with RPE and Inner non-pig layer.
45
The anterior portion of the ciliary body folds to form...
Ciliary process
46
What does the ciliary process produce?
Aqueous humor
47
What is the iris?
The anterior part of the uvea of the ciliary body made with smooth muscles that control pupil size.
48
How will parasympathetic stimulation influence pupil size?
Pupil constrictor muscle will shrink the pupil
49
How will sympathetic stimulation influence pupil size?
Pupil size will dilate
50
Describe the lens.
Avascular, transparent, elastic, biconvex
51
What encloses the lens?
The Capsule (a thick basement membrane like material)
52
How does the lens change shape?
Changes in tension on the suspensory ligament fibers
53
What is vitreous humor? What does it do?
gel like transparent substance made of water and hyaluronic acid. It fills the vitreous chamber to keep the lens and retina in place.
54
What is a cataract?
Opacity of the lens associated with aging.
55
What is the Retinal Pigmented Epithelium? Three Functions
An epithelium that absorbs scattered light rays Allows phagocytosis of worn discs shed from rods Releases Vitamin A to Photo Receptors
56
What is the RPE adherent to?
Choroid
57
There can be a space at what point in the RPE? So what?
Between the RPE and the rest of the retina. Trauma can dislodge the retina at this location.
58
Describe rods.
Tall cylindrical cells that function primarily in low light and peripheral vision. Contain rhodopsin pigment.
59
Rods contain what component derived from the plasma membrane?
Discs filled with rhodopsin.
60
What is rhodopsin pigment used for?
As a transducer of light energy.
61
What are Cones?
Shorter cone-shaped cells that perceive color vision and bright light. They have discs and pigments to red, green, and blue light. Located more centrally.
62
What pigments are in rods and cones?
Rods - Rhodopsin | Cones - Red, Green, and Blue
63
The outer segments of rods and cones contain what structures?
Modified cilia
64
The fovea contains only ______.
Cones
65
What happens to worn down old rods?
Shed into space btw outer space and RPE. RPE phagocytoses them.
66
Describe the movement of new discs in the retina.
New are made from below, move upward, and replace the old. Cone discs are shed more slowly.
67
What are the posterior retina landmarks?
Macula lutea and the Optic Disc
68
How do you view the posterior retina landmarks?
Via a scope.
69
What is the papilla?
Papilla where optic nerve fibers exit the retina, no photoreceptors
70
What is the fovea?
A pit in the center of the macula made of 100% closely packed cones.
71
Describe the vasculature of the macula.
The macula has no retinal vessels, but choroid vessels are abundant on the outside.
72
Why have a fovea?
It is important for visual acuity.
73
True or false. The rods of the fovea are highly represented in the optic nerve and visual cortex, forming "macular vision."
False. Replace rods with cones, then it is true.
74
Describe detached retina.
Neural retina separates from RPE and the choroidal capillaries which feed photoreceptors
75
Describe age-related macular degeneration
Macular area/fovea lose function due to RPE behind the retina degrading and forming drusen and allowing leakage behind the fovea. Foveal cones die --> central vision loss + loss of fine detail
76
What are drusen?
White spots that form in age related macular degeneration.
77
What is glaucoma?
Heightened pressure within the eye. Can compromise blood vessels of optic nerve and axons of ganglion cells.
78
What causes glaucoma?
Anterior eye chamber cannot exchange fluid properly with normal flow.
79
What is retinitis pigmentosa?
Rods of periph. retina degenerate. Night blindness early. Eventually tunnel vision. Development of black pigment in the peripheral retina and thinned vessels at the optic nerve head.
80
What should the TV show about Dr. Turek's judge friend be called?
Justice is Blind.
81
What occurs in diabetic retinopathy?
Eye vessels become distorted and multiply
82
How do you treat diabetic retinopathy?
Shoot them with a mother fucking laser! (to stop blood vessel proliferation and fluid leakage).
83
What is hereditary retinal dystrophy?
Inability of RPE to phagocytize worn out discs from rods.
84
What is the lacrimal gland?
A compound tubuloalveolar gland.
85
The lacrimal gland secretes tears containing what enzyme?
Lysozyme

The Final Histo Exam (5 decks)

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