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The Final Histo Exam > Sensory Systems -- Ear > Flashcards

Sensory Systems -- Ear Flashcards

1
Q

What is the auricle?

A

Irregularly shaped internal plate of elastic cartilage. It has thin skin with hair and sebaceous glands.

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2
Q

What supports the outer half of the external auditory meatus?

A

Elastic Cartilage

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3
Q

What is the inner half of the external auditory meatus?

A

Tunnel in temporal bone

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4
Q

True or false. Thin skin lines the entire meatus and outer ear drum.

A

True

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5
Q

What types of glands exist in the external ear?

A

Large sebaceous and Tubuloalveolar ceruminous glands.

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6
Q

Name three components of ear wax.

A

Ceruminous secretions, sebaceous secretions, and desquaminated meatal cells

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7
Q

What bones lie in the tympanic cavity?

A

Malleous, Incus, Stapes

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8
Q

What connects to the tympanic cavity the the pharynx?

A

Eustachian tube.

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9
Q

What epithelium is the middle ear?

A

Simple squamous that changes to pseudostratified ciliated columnar near the auditory tube opening.

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10
Q

What are the oval/round windows?

A

Small, membrane-covered regions devoid of bone.

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11
Q

What do the oval/round windows accomplish anyway?

A

Separating the middle ear from the bony labrynth of the inner year

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12
Q

Name the ossicles.

A

Malleus, Incus, Stapes

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13
Q

What do ossicles do?

A

Transmit tympanic membrane movements to oval window

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14
Q

What does the inner ear contain?

A

A Fluid Filled Membranous Labyrinth Housed By A Bony Labrynth

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15
Q

What is fluid in the membranous labyrinth? Outside of the membranous?

A

Endolymph. Perilymph.

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16
Q

How does perilymph differ from extracellular fluid?

A

Lower protein content

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17
Q

What is contained within the semicircular canals?

A

Semicircular ducts of membranous labyrinth.

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18
Q

Review pictures on 7, 8, and 9 of the packet.

A

He basically guaranteed there would be some kind of a picture on the written that this review will help.

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19
Q

Fluid in the vestibule? Saccule? Utricle?

A

Peri. Endo. Endo.

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20
Q

How many times does the cochlea wrap around?

A

2.5 times

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21
Q

What is the bony core of the cochlea?

A

Modiolus

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22
Q

What structures does the modiolus house?

A

Blood vessels and the spiral ganglion

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23
Q

What is the osseous spiral lamina?

A

lateral Extension of modiolus

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24
Q

What is the thickened periosteum of the cochlea called?

A

The spiral ligament

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25
Q

How is the cochlea divided? (3 spaces)

A

Scala vestibuli, scala tympani, and scala media

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26
Q

Alternate name for the scala media?

A

Cochlear duct

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27
Q

What fills the membranous labrynth?

A

Endolymph

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28
Q

What ion is high in endolymph?

A

Potassium

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29
Q

What structure houses the membranous labyrinth?

A

Vestibule

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30
Q

Describe the vestibule.

A

Sac-like bodies of connective tissue lined by s squamous epithelium.

31
Q

Two ducts of the membranous labyrinth join to form what structure?

A

Endolymphatic Sac

32
Q

What are maculae?

A

Specialized regions of the membranous labrynth containing 2 types of neuroepithelial hair cells.

33
Q

Describe neuroepithelial hair cells.

A

50-100 rigid stereocilia arranged in rows and a single cilium.

34
Q

What is the single cilium of the hair cells called?

A

Kinocilium

35
Q

Where do neuroepithelial cells project from/into?

A

From the apical surface of the hair cells to an overlying gelatinous structure.

36
Q

Describe Type I Hair Cells

A

Bulbar shape, round nucleus, cup shaped nerve

37
Q

Describe Type II Hair Cells

A

Columnar, round basal nucleus, contact small afferent nerves with synaptic vesicles

38
Q

Describe support cells.

A

Columnar w/ round, basal nucleus. Prominent terminal web.

39
Q

Describe the otolithic membrane.

A

Thick, gelatinous layer with small calcified particles (otoliths)

40
Q

What is the point of having otoliths?

A

They help function in detection of linear acceleration.

“Add some mass to that jelly layer”

41
Q

Where do semicircular ducts arise from?

A

The utricle

42
Q

What is the ampullae?

A

Dilated area of semicircular ducts near junction with the utricle.

43
Q

What is the cristae ampullares?

A

Specialized sensory areas in the ampullae similar to maculae but with a thicker layer (cupula)

44
Q

Describe the cupula.

A

A thickened, cone shaped glycoprotein layer without otoliths.

45
Q

Why have cupula?

A

To detect angular acceleration of the head along any of the three axes.

46
Q

Where does the endolymphatic duct lead?

A

The endolymphatic sac.

47
Q

What can be seen in the endolymphatic sac.

A

Phagocytic cells in the lumen that function in endolymph reabsorption.

48
Q

What cell type lines the endolymphatic sac?

A

Columnar cells with irregularly shaped nuclei and long microvilli.

49
Q

The cochlear duct contains what specialized structure?

A

The spiral organ of corti.

50
Q

What lies above and below the organ of corti.

A

Above – Scala vestibuli

Below – Scala tympani

51
Q

How do the scala vestibuli and tympani communicate with one another?

A

The Helicotrema (a small hole near the cochlear apex)

52
Q

Describe the vestibular membrane.

A

Comprised of 2 layers of flattened squamous cells separated by a basement membrane.

53
Q

What does the vestibular membrane do?

A

Maintains ionic gradients between the perilymph and endolymph.

54
Q

What is the stria vascularis?

A

Vascularized pseudostratified epithelium that lines the lateral cochlear duct. May secrete endolymph.

55
Q

What is the spiral prominence?

A

Epithelium covered protuberance extending the length of the duct. Epith. is continuous with stria vascularis and reflected on the basilar membrane.

56
Q

What is the basilar membrane of the cochlea made of?

A

amorphous material with keratin-like fibers

57
Q

Hair cells make contact with which membrane?

A

Tectorial membrane.

58
Q

Spiral organ of corti contains…

A

hair cells, inner tunnel of corti, outer tunnel

59
Q

Describe hair cells of the cochlea.

A

Neuroepithelial cells with round, basally located nucleus. They have long, stiff stereocilia (not kinocilium)

60
Q

How are inner hair cells oriented?

A

In a single row along the length of the cochlear duct, which receives afferent synaptic terminals.

61
Q

How are outer hair cells oriented.

A

3-5 Ros within a cup shaped nerve ending.

62
Q

What are outer hair cells there for?

A

They function in sound reception and respond to unique frequencies.

63
Q

What do inner and outer pillar cells do?

A

Enclose and support the inner tunnel of corti.

64
Q

What do inner and outer phalangeal cells do?

A

Support nerve fibers that form synapses with hair cells.

65
Q

What do Cells of Hansen and Border cells mark?

A

The inner and outer borders of the spiral organ of Corti.

66
Q

You should probably read through the elaborate version of how an ear works at least once.

A

But he said the short version would probably do the trick.

67
Q

Give a simple explanation of how the ear functions.

A
  1. Sound hits tympanic membrane, causing vibration of ossicle bones.
  2. Movement of stapes at oval window disturbs perilymph and deflects basilar membrane in organ of corti.
  3. Pillar cells of the basilar membrane move laterally in response to the deflection.
  4. Movement of the stereocilia is transduced into electrical impulses for nerve transport.
68
Q

How does changing head position influence the vestibular system?

A

Changes of endolymph flow in the semicircular ducts (circular) or the saccule/utricle (linear)

69
Q

Endolymph movement in semicircular ducts displaces ______

A

Cupula

70
Q

Endolymph movement in the saccules and utricles displaces ________

A

Otoliths/Maculae

71
Q

What is nerve deafness? Cause?

A

Nerve lesion from the organ of corti. Disease, drugs, prolonged loud noise.

72
Q

What is conductive hearing loss? Cause?

A

Hearing loss that occurs prior to the oval window caused by a defect in sound wave conduction. Inflammation (otitis media), otosclerosis in middle ear

73
Q

How do you test for conductive loss?

A

Bone conduction test. A person with only conductive loss will detect the tuning fork sounds as well as a perosn with normal hearing.

The Final Histo Exam (5 decks)

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