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The Final Histo Exam > Endocrine -- Pituitary and Pineal > Flashcards

Endocrine -- Pituitary and Pineal Flashcards

1
Q

The pituitary gland is attached to what part of the brain? What structure attaches it?

A

Hypothalamus. Infundibulum.

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2
Q

Name the glandular portion of the pituitary.

A

Adenohypophysis

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3
Q

Embryonic Origin of Adenohypophysis?

A

Ectoderm of Primitive Oral Cavity

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4
Q

Regions of the adenohypophysis?

A

Pars distalis, Pars tuberalis, and pars intermedia

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5
Q

Name the neural portion of the pituitary.

A

Neurohypophysis.

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6
Q

Embryonic origin of neurohypophysis?

A

Neuroectoderm

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7
Q

Regions of neurohypophysis?

A

Pars nervosa and infundibulum

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8
Q

Components of the Anterior Lobe of the Pituitary?

A

Pars distalis and pars tuberalis

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9
Q

Components of the posterior lobe of the pituitary?

A

Pars intermedia and pars nervosa

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10
Q

Where do the signals that trigger anterior pituitary activity come from?

A

Peptide hormones from specialized neurons of the hypothalmic nuclei

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11
Q

How do peptide hormones get from the hypothalmic nuclei to the anterior pituitary?

A

Capillary plexus of the infundibulum

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12
Q

Name the blood supply of the pituitary

A

Superior and Inferior hypophyseal arteries

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13
Q

Inferior hypophyseal artery supplies…

A

Pars Nervosa

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14
Q

Superior hypophyseal arteries supply….

A

median eminence, upper infundibulum, and lower infun. via a connection to inferior

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15
Q

How the the arteries supplying the median eminence and infundibulum end?

A

Capillary plexuses

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16
Q

What vein drain the areas supplied by the capillary plexuses?

A

Hypophyseal portal veins

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17
Q

Name the two broad categories of cells in the pars distalis.

A

Chromophobes and Chromophiles.

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18
Q

Describe chromophobes appearance.

A

Poorly staining, appear clear/white. Approx 50% of cells.

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19
Q

Name types of chromophobes.

A

Undifferentiated non-secretory cells, degranulated chromophils, and connective tissue/follicular cells.

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20
Q

Why keep follicular cells around?

A

They form a stromal network to support chromophil cells and may have phagocytic functions.

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21
Q

Name two types of chromophiles.

A

Acidophiles and Basophiles.

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22
Q

Describe acidophile staining.

A

Stains with eosin and orange G – not PAS.

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23
Q

Name the two listed acidophiles.

A

Somatotrophs and Mammotrophs

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24
Q

What do somatotrophs make? Who Controls them?

A

Growth hormone (Somatotropin). Controlled by GH-releasing/inhibiting factor (Somatostatin).

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25
Q

What do mammotrophs make?

A

Prolactin

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26
Q

What does prolactin do?

A

Stimulates and maintains lactation

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27
Q

Who controls mammotrophs?

A

Thyrotropin-releasing factor (TRF) and Prolactin-inhibiting factor (dopamine)

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28
Q

Name the three types of basophiles mentioned in the packet. What do they secrete (in a non-specific sense)

A

Gonadotrophs, Corticotrophs, and Thyrotrophs secrete glycoprotein hormones.

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29
Q

How do Basophile cells stain?

A

Stain with hematoxylin and other basic dyes. Hormones stain PAS-positive.

30
Q

What hormones are released by gonadotrophs?

A

FSH and LH

31
Q

What does FSH do?

A

In women – stimulated development of ovarian follicles

In men – Stimulates androgen binding protein production of Sertoli cells

32
Q

What does LH do?

A

In women – stimulates steroidogenesis in ovarian follicles and corpus luteum.
In men – Controls rate of testosterone synthesis from Leydig Cells.

33
Q

What do corticotrophs make?

A

Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)

34
Q

What does ACTH do?

A

Stimulates growth and steroid synthesis in zona fasciculata and zona reticularis

35
Q

What do thyrotrophs secrete?

A

Thyrotropin (Thyroid-stimulating hormone)

36
Q

Who controls thyrotroph secretion?

A

TRF

37
Q

What can an H&E stain distinguish in the pituitary?

A

Acidophils, Basophils, and chromophobes.

38
Q

What is the pars tuberalis?

A

A highly vascular region containing the veins of the hypophyseal portal system. Contains mostly gonadotropes.

39
Q

What is the pars intermedia? What cell types does it contain?

A

A small region in humans that contains basophils, chromophobe cells, and Rathke’s cysts.

40
Q

What are Rathke’s cysts?

A

Cuboidal epithelium lined cavities. They are remnants of Rathke’s pouch.

41
Q

What comprises the pars nervosa?

A

Non-myelinated axonal processes and pituicytes

42
Q

Where do the pars nervosa axons have their cell bodies?

A

Paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of hypothalmus

43
Q

What are pituicytes?

A

Astrocyte-like glial cells with fibrillary acidic proteins. They often have pigment granules.

44
Q

What structure will the end of the neurons (of the pars nervosa) be close to?

A

Fenestrated capillary network

45
Q

What do the axons of the pars nervosa contain?

A

Neurosecretory granules and herring bodies

46
Q

What are herring bodies?

A

Large granule filled dilations near axon terminals

47
Q

What hormones does hypothalmus neurons release?

A

Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) near the capillary plexus.

48
Q

Specifically – who makes oxytocin

A

1 – Paraventricular nucleus cells

2 – Supraoptic nucleus cells

49
Q

What does oxytocin do?

A

Stimulates milk ejection from mammary glands and uterine smooth muscle contraction during childbirth.

50
Q

Specifically - who makes ADH?

A

1 - Supraoptic Nucleus Cells

2 – Paraventricular Nucleus Cells

51
Q

What does ADH do?

A

Stimulates water reabsorption by renal-medullary collecting ducts.

52
Q

What is neurophysin?

A

A carrier protein that transports neurohypophyseal hormones for transport down axons.

53
Q

Who is the carrier protein that moves neurohypophyseal hormones down axons?

A

Neurophysin

54
Q

Name that disease – Too much growth hormone.

A

Acromegaly

55
Q

Prolactin secreting tumors can lead to….

A

infertility due to lack of ovulation

56
Q

Most common cause of hypopituarism in adults?

A

Pituitary tumors (adenomas)

57
Q

What occurs during intrinsic pituitary destruction?

A

Hormone secreting cells of the anterior pituitary are destroyed. Can mess with some or all pituitary hormones.

58
Q

Symptoms of poor pituitary anterior lobe function.

A

Failure of lactation, amenorrhea (no period), poor thyroid function, adrenal insufficiency

59
Q

Symptoms of poor pituitary posterior lobe function.

A

Diabetes insipidus - impairment of water reabs in distal tubuli: polyurea, polydipsia

60
Q

The pineal gland is covered by…

A

pia matter

61
Q

Does the pineal gland have a blood-brain barrier?

A

No

62
Q

What divides the pineal into lobes?

A

Connective tissue septa (trabeculae) from the capsule

63
Q

What cell types does the pineal consist of?

A

Pinealocytes and glial cells

64
Q

What do pinealocytes make?

A

Melatonin

65
Q

What is melatonin important for?

A

Regulation of the sleep cycle

66
Q

Describe the structure of pinealocytes.

A

Basophilic with irregular lobed nuclei and distinct nucleoli. Silver stained cells have long tortuous branches.

67
Q

What is a unique structure feature occasional seen in the pineal gland?

A

Corpora arenacea (brain sand)

68
Q

What is brain sand made of? What does it look like?

A

Calcium phosphate or calcium carbonate granules

Irregular in shape, lamellar in appearance

69
Q

Innervation of the pineal gland?

A

Post ganglionic sympathetic nerves from the superior cervical ganglia

70
Q

Name a stimulus that may alter pineal function.

A

External lighting causes signals from retinal neurons to inhibit melatonin secretion.

71
Q

Problems with a pineal tumor?

A

Stops CSF flow through the aqueduct of Sylvius (causes hydrocephalus)

The Final Histo Exam (5 decks)

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