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The Final Histo Exam > Blood/Hemopoiesis > Flashcards

Blood/Hemopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

What is plasma comprised of?

A

Water, Protein, and Solutes

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2
Q

Who are the major proteins of the blood?

A

Fibrinogen, Albumin, and Globulins

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3
Q

Approx. how many erythrocytes are in the peripheral blood?

A

25 trillion

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4
Q

Red cells comprise __% of total blood volume.

A

45

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5
Q

Describe the structure of RBCs.

A

Biconcave, 7-8 micrometer, no nucleus/organelles.

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6
Q

How do RBCs stain?

A

Eosinophilic

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7
Q

The biggest component of RBC mass is…

A

Hemoglobin

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8
Q

Lifespan of an RBC?

A

120 days

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9
Q

Three places you’re most prone to find destroyed RBCs?

A

Spleen, Liver, and Bone Marrow

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10
Q

What is a reticulocyte?

A

New RBC from the marrow that is still finishing hemoglobin synth and maturation

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11
Q

What causes sickle cell anemia?

A

A genetic alteration in the hemoglobin B chain (Val–> Glutamic Acid) that causes sickling og RBCs.

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12
Q

What molecular structures are influenced in sickle cell?

A

Hb denatures and clusters band3, ankyrin, and spectrin

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13
Q

What happens to deformed cells in sickle cell anemia?

A

They are trapped in splenic sinuses and removed by macrophages or they adhere to capillary endothelial cells, occluding vessels.

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14
Q

Tell me about a person with sickle cell anemia’s spleen.

A

It is enlarged.

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15
Q

What is hereditary spherocytosis?

A

A defect of the RBC membrane causing spheroidal, less deformable cells.

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16
Q

Who are the molecular players messed up in spherocytosis?

A

Spectrin, ankyrin, and actin

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17
Q

The majority of spherocytosis patients will have a ______ deficiency.

A

Spectrin

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18
Q

What will be missing in a spherocytosis blood smear?

A

A central pale zone of the RBC

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19
Q

How will the modified structure of RBCs in spherocytosis influence cell destruction? Symptoms this will cause?

A

Cells will be stuck in splenic cords and by destroyed by splenic macrophages. This will cause anemia and splenomegaly.

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20
Q

Where do platelets come from? How big are they?

A

They are 2-5 um fragments of megakaryocytes

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21
Q

Megakaryocytes have _________ derived from the plasma membrane and continuous with the extracellular space.

A

Platelet Demarcartion Channels

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22
Q

Why have platelets in the first place?

A

Blood clotting, clot retraction, and clot dissolution.

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23
Q

Platelets contain what types of granules?

A

Alpha and Dense Core Granules.

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24
Q

Describe alpha granules.

A

Lysosomal in character

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25
Describe dense core granules.
Contain serotonin, ADP, ATP, and Calcium
26
What old "friend" from biochemistry is also going to come form platelets.
Thromboxane A2 derived via CO metabolism.
27
How does platelet cell shape alter upon activation?
Discoid Shape --> Flattened with extensive cell membrane ruffling.
28
What causes the changes in platelet shape upon adhesion?
Rearrangement of cytoskeleton -- microtubule redistribution and rapid polymerization of actin into microfilaments
29
Describe the structure of a neutrophil.
Granulocytic, 3-5 lobed nucleus, 9-12 um diameter
30
Neutrophils contain what types of granules?
Specific granules and azurophilic granules.
31
What do neutrophil specific granules hold?
Alkaline phosphatase and phagocytins
32
What do neutrophil azurophilic granules hold?
Myeloperoxidase and lysosomal enzymes
33
Which cell is the first to appear in inflammation?
Neutrophil
34
What is another name for an immature neutrophil?
Stab/band cell
35
Describe the unique structural component of an immature neutrophil.
Horseshoe nucleus
36
Describe the appearance of basophils.
Contains large basophilic granules, 10-12 um, low # in blood
37
What do basophilic granules include?
hydrolytic enzymes, histamine, heparan sulfate proteoglycan, slow reacting substance, eosinophil chemotactic factor
38
Describe the basophil nucleus.
Lobed, but hard to see in a smear
39
What immunoglobulin will basophils bind?
IgE
40
Describe the structure of an eosinophil?
Large eosinophilic granules, 12-15 um in diameter.
41
What do eosinophil granules contain?
Arylsulfatase, histaminase, acid phosphotase, ribonuclease, and peroxidase.
42
What does histaminase do?
Decreases the severity of allergic reactions.
43
Describe an eosinophil nucleus.
Bilobed
44
During what events would you anticipate an increase in eosinophil activity?
Allergic reactions and parasitic infections
45
Describe the structure of a monocyte.
Agranular phagocytic leukocyte. Kidney shaped nucleus. Has lysosomes.
46
What happens when a monocyte leaves the blood for the tissue?
The monocyte will differentiate into other cells in the monocyte/macrophage lineage (ex. macrophage, osteoclast, giant cell)
47
Why have monocytes at all?
They are important in the regulation of immune responses and inflammation.
48
Describe lymphocyte structure.
6-18 um diameter (small, med, and large). Mononuclear. Round/Oval nucleus (though more reniform in large cells). Very little cytoplasm.
49
Where do T cells develop?
Derived from bone marrow and mature in the thymus
50
Where do B cells develop?
Derived from bone marrow lymphoid progenitor cells.
51
Large granular lymphocytes (Null cells) may become...
Natural killer or killer cells
52
How does the hematopoetic activity of bone marrow change over a lifetime?
In the fetus, it is actively hematopoetic and in adults it is less hematopoetic.
53
What changes occur in the marrow as it becomes less hematopoetically active?
It changes from red marrow to fat-storing yellow marrow.
54
Where can you still find red marrow in an adult?
Vertebrae, Sternum, Ribs, Skull, Pelvis, Femur
55
Where is marrow typically harvested from?
Iliac Crest
56
Describe embryonic hematopoiesis.
Begins in week 2 in the yolk sac. By the 6th week is occurs in the liver.
57
What stimulates differentiation of bone marrow progenitor cells?
Colony Stimulating Factors (CSFs)
58
Examples of CSFs?
IL-7 (Lymphoid), Granulocyte-Monocyte CSF, Monocyte CSF, Granulocyte CSF
59
What hormone will stimulate the development of RBCs from CFU-E?
Erythropoetin
60
In RBC differentiation, ribosome accumulation will cause....
Development of the basophilic erythroblast
61
After the ribosomes have built up, what will they do?
They will trigger the production of hemoglobin, which will reduce basophilia, forming the POLYCHROMATOPHILIC ERYTHROBLAST.
62
In RBC differentiation, as the hemoglobin concentration increases, eventually the cytoplasm will stain pink. What is the name of this cell type?
Orthochromatic erythroblast (normoblast)
63
In RBC differentiation, eventually all of the Hb is going to cause...
nucleus condensation, involution. The nucleus is then expelled with the mitochondria and polyribosomes.
64
When RBCs are destroyed, hemoglobin is degraded into...
Bilirubins and Iron
65
What protein is responsible for serum iron transport?
Transferrin
66
After RBC breakdown, where will transferrin probably be taking the iron?
Back to the marrow to make hemoglobin all over again.
67
Just for the sake of understanding....tell me all of what the last several questions have taught us about how to make a RBC.
1. EPO triggers differentiation 2. Basophilic Erythroblast -- Ribosomes Build Up 3. Polychromatophilic erythroblast -- Hemoglobin production begins 4. Orthochromatic erythroblast -- Hemoglobin concentration increases, causing a pink stain 5. Hemoglobin accumulation causes nucleus condensation and involution. 6. Expulsion of Nucleus, Mitochondria, and polyribosomes.
68
What is the first recognizable granulocyte precursor?
Myeloblast (a large euchromatic nucleus with neveral nuclei and no granules)
69
What does a myeloblast develop into? Describe the cell
Promyelocyte. Accumulation of azurophilic granules. Heterochromatin in nucleus and indentation of nucleus.
70
Promyelocytes will differentiate as...
Neutrophilic, eosinophilic, or basophilic specific granules accumulate in the cytoplasm and the nucleus condenses/lobulates.
71
What is a metamyelocyte?
A cell that has accumulated many specific granules but has yet to complete the process of nuclear condensation and lobulation.
72
Where do monocytes come from?
CFU-S cells (like granulocytes)
73
Where do lymphocytes come from?
Lymphoblasts (from CFU-Ly cells)
74
Where do megakaryocytes come from?
Megakaryoblasts stimulated by thrombopoietin
75
Where can megakaryocytes be found?
Bone marrow.
76
Describe the appearance of a megakaryocyte.
100 um. Multilobulated. No division, just growth as the nucleus become polyploid (via endomitosis).
77
What exactly do megakaryocytes do that we care so much about?
They release small cytoplasmic fragments (platelets) into the bloodstream.
78
What causes megakaryocytes to fragment?
The cell plasma membrane fusing with the sER membrane
79
How long do platelets stay in the bloodstream?
7-10 days
80
What is acute lymphocytic leukemia?
Rapid growth of immature white blood cells. Common in kids
81
What is Acute myelogenous leukemia?
Unregulated growth of white blood cells of the myeloid lineage. Common in adults.
82
What is chronic lymphocytic leukemia?
B cell cancer mostly in adult men
83
What is chronic myelogenous leukemia?
Unreg. myeloid cell growth. Myeloid cells (netro, eosino, baso) in marrow.
84
What is a common cause of chronic myelogenous leukemia?
Translocation of chromosomes 9 and 22 (Philadelphia Chromosome)

The Final Histo Exam (5 decks)

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