Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

The Final Histo Exam > Endocrine -- Thyroid, Parathyroid, and Adrenal > Flashcards

Endocrine -- Thyroid, Parathyroid, and Adrenal Flashcards

1
Q

Developmental origin of the thyroid

A

Cephalic portion of the alimentary canal endoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The three parts of a thyroid are…

A

right lobe, left lobe, and isthmus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Thyroid lobes are made of ________ lined with _____ epithelium.

A

Follicles. Simple Cuboidal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The __________ epithelium of the thyroid is comprised of this cell type.

A

Simple Cuboidal. Principal Cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What do principal cells of the thyroid secrete?

A

T3 & T4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

If a thyroid gland is inactive, the epithelium may appear ________.

A

Squamous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Principle cells may contain ________. (sorry - didn’t know a good way to ask this one)

A

Vesicles (colloidal reabsorption droplets)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How do thyroid follicles tend to stain? What structure causes this stain?

A

Acidophilic. Colloid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is Colloid?

A

Glycoprotein thyroglobulin (an inactive storage form of thyroid hormones)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

True or False. The thyroid receives a minimal number of vessels.

A

False. The thyroid has an extensive blood and lymphatic capillary network.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Thyroid endothelial capillary cells are…

A

fenestrated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are parafollicular/C cells?

A

Cells of the follicular epithelium or in isolated clusters between follicles that are responsible for calcitonin secretion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does calcitonin do?

A

Suppresses bone resorption by inhibiting osteoclasts. This will help tone calcium in the blood down.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What triggers calcitonin release? Suppresses it?

A

Stimulated by increased calcium in the blood

Suppressed when blood calcium concentration is low.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Who is a more major regulator of blood calcium, Calcitonin or PTH?

A

PTH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe the appearance of C cells

A

Larger than follicular cells, numerous granules, stain poorly (become cloudy/white)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where is thyroglobulin synthesized and glycosylated?

A

Synth – rER

Glycosylated – rER and Golgi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What must happen to iodide before it can be used in thyroid hormone synthesis?

A

Active transport into the cell, oxidation in the cytoplasm, and entry into the colloid to iodinate tyrosine resides of thyroglobulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

TSH receptors can be found on what cells of the thyroid?

A

Follicular cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

TSH binding causes follicular cells to….

A

endocytose colloid, which combines with lysosomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Thyroglobulin residues are cleaved into ____ and _____

A

T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (Thyroxine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Just so you have to say it all together at least once…the whole thyroid hormone synthesis/release method. Make it happen.

A
  1. Thyroglobulin is synthesized and released into the lumen of follicles
  2. Iodide is taken into the cell, is oxidized, and enters the colloid to iodinate thyroglobulin.
  3. TSH causes follicular cells to endocytose iodinated thyroglobulin (in the colloid) and combine it with lysosomes
  4. Cleavage of the thyroglobulin forms T3 and T4, which are released into the cytosol and then from the cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What do thyroid hormones (T3/4) cause?

A

Increased cellular metabolism, carb metabolism, andn fatty acid synth.

Decreases of cholesterol, phospholipid, and triglyceride synthesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Symptoms of excessive production of thyroid hormones?

A

Weight loss, Increases of heart rate, metabolism, respiration, and appetite.

Also – tremors, tiredness, and a heavy menstrual flow.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Insufficient iodine uptake will lead to…

A

Heightened TSH, causing follicular hyperplasia (goiter)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is Grave’s Disease?

A

Thyroid hyperfunction due to a circulating immunoglobulin that acts similarly to TSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is Hashimoto’s disease?

A

Autoimmune destruction of the thyroid caused by thyroid perooxidase autoantibodies.

28
Q

In Hashimoto’s disease, the lymphocytes may organize into…

A

germinal centers

29
Q

Which gender is more prone to thyroid cancer?

A

Female (3-4X as often)

30
Q

Both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism can cause this dermatological disorder.

A

Myxedema (localized skin swelling)

31
Q

How many parathyroids does a person usually have?

A

4

32
Q

Where do the parathyroid glands typically live?

A

Posterior to the thyroid

33
Q

Name the two main cells types of the parathyroid gland.

A

Chief Cells and Oxyphil cells

34
Q

What do parathyroid Chief Cells (also known as Principal cells) contain?

A

Irregular granules containing parathyroid hormone (PTH)

35
Q

What does PTH do? (Three Things)

A

Increases calcium in the blood by stimulating osteoclast activity/number.

Enhances resorption of Ca from the kidney distal tubule and increased Phosp. excretion

Increased intestinal absorption of Ca from food (via Vit. D synthesis)

36
Q

What do osteoclasts do?

A

Resorb the calcified bone matrix, freeing the Ca

37
Q

How does Vitamin D influence Ca reabsorption?

A

It stimulates synthesis of Ca binding proteins in the intestine

38
Q

What do oxyphil cells look like? What do they do?

A

They are larger than chief cells, stain “intensely” with eosin due to lots of mito. We don’t know what they do. Maybe transitional chief cells?

39
Q

Name three causes of hyperparathyroidism from most common to least common.

A

Adenoma (80%), Hyperplasia (15%), Carcinoma (1-2%)

40
Q

Symptoms of hyperparathyroidism?

A

Increased blood Ca, low blood PO4. Can cause osteitis fibrosa cystica.

41
Q

What is osteitis fibrosa cystica?

A

Rubbery deformed bones, kidney stones, pancreatitis, ulcers, and hypertension.

42
Q

Symptoms of hypoparathyroidism?

A

Decreased serum Ca and increased serum PO4. Tetany, muscle cramps, exagerrated tendon reflexes, jaw locks.

43
Q

What are the two layers of the suprarenal gland?

A

Cortex and Medulla

44
Q

Embryonic origin of adrenal cortex?

A

Mesoderm

45
Q

Embryonic Origin of adrenal medulla?

A

Neural Crest

46
Q

How is the adrenal medulla organized?

A

Cells in cords or clumps supported by a reticular fiber network.

47
Q

The medulla contains what type of endocrine secreting cell?

A

Chromaffin cells

48
Q

What do chromaffin cells contain?

A

Epinephrine and Norepiephrine

49
Q

Do epinephrine or norepinephrine secreting cells have smaller granules?

A

Epinephrine

50
Q

What nerve cells may be seen in the medulla?

A

Sympathetic ganglionic nerve cells

51
Q

Name the three regions of the adrenal cortex.

A

Zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, and zona reticularis

52
Q

What do cells of the zona glomerulosa secrete?

A

Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

53
Q

What stimulates zona glomerulosa secretions?

A

Angiotensin II and ACTH

54
Q

What do cells of the zona fasciculata secrete?

A

Glucocorticoids (cortisol, corticosterone)

55
Q

What do cells of the zona reticularis secrete?

A

Gonadocorticoids (DHEA, androstenedione)

56
Q

List the layers of the adrenal gland from capsule to medulla.

A

Capsule, Zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zone reticularis, medulla

57
Q

What is another name for an adrenal medulla tumor?

A

Pheochromocytoma

58
Q

Symptoms of pheochromocytoma

A

Hyperglycemia and transient blood pressure elevations.

59
Q

What is the most common type of adrenal tumor in adults? What is a common adrenal tumor in children? The symptomatic difference between the two?

A

Pheochromocytoma. Neuroblastoma. Neuroblastoma doesn’t alter blood pressure.

60
Q

What causes Cushing’s Syndrome?

A

Excess cortisol.

61
Q

Symptoms of Cushing’s Syndrome?

A

Moon Face, hyperglycemia, diabetes mellitus, amenorrhea, hirsutism

62
Q

What is Conn’s Syndrome? Symptoms?

A

Excess aldosterone production. Excess H2O retention, and thus, hypertension + hypokalemia.

63
Q

What is Addison’s disease? Symptoms?

A

Adrenocortical insufficiency. Weakness, nausea, weight loss, and heightened ACTH

64
Q

Heightened ACTH can cause

A

Hyperpigmentation

65
Q

What is Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome?

A

Acute cortical destruction often caused by severe bacterial infection (often meninogococcal)

The Final Histo Exam (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions