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MCDB 1B > Sensory System > Flashcards

Sensory System Flashcards

1
Q

What do sensory receptors do

A

They transduce stimulus energy and transmit signals to the central nervous system

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2
Q

What is generated when a stimulus is received and processed by the nervous system

A

a motor response may be generated

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3
Q

What are the four basic functions of sensory pathways

A

sensory reception, transduction, transmission, perception

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4
Q

what are sensory cells and what do they detect

A

modified neurons specialized for detecting different kinds of stimuli like pressure, heat, and light

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5
Q

What is an afferent neuron

A

signals are going to the central nervous system

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6
Q

what is an efferent neuron

A

signals are leaving (sent out of) the central nervous system

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7
Q

What is a neuronal receptor

A

receptor is the afferent neuron

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8
Q

what is a non neuronal receptor

A

receptor regulates afferent neuron

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9
Q

how does sensory information travel through the nervous system

A

travels through the nervous system as action potentials

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10
Q

What is sensory transduction

A

the conversion of stimulus energy into a change in membrane potential of sensory receptor

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11
Q

What is receptor potential

A

the change in membrane potential

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12
Q

does the size of a receptor potential increase or decrease with the intensity of the stimulus

A

receptor potential increases

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13
Q

how does the brain distinguish the stimuli from different receptors

A

based on the path that the action potentials arrive

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14
Q

What is amplification during perception

A

the strengthening of a sensory signal during transduction

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15
Q

what is sensory adaptation in perception

A

a decrease in responsiveness to continued stimulation

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16
Q

ionotropic sensory detection

A

the receptor protein is part of the ion channel

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17
Q

how does an ionotropic sensory detector open and close

A

the receptor protein changes its conformation to open and closes the channel pore

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18
Q

metabotropic sensory detection

A

the receptor protein is linked to a G protein (channel is controlled by g protein)

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19
Q

how does channel open through metabotropic sensory detection

A

G protein activates a cascade of intracellular events that eventually open or close ion channels

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20
Q

are chemoreceptors and photoreceptors part of metabotrophic or ionotrophic sensory detection

A

metabotropic sensory detection

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21
Q

is a mechanoreceptor ionotrophic or metabotrophic

A

ionotrophic sensory detection

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22
Q

What do Primary sensory cells do with action potentials

A

generate action potentials directly

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23
Q

what do secondary sensory cells do with action potentials

A

generate action potentials indirectly by inducing the release of neurotransmitters (produce neurotransmitter which then produce the action potential)

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24
Q

based on energy transduced, sensory receptors fall into five categories. what are they

A

mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, electromagnetic receptors, thermoreceptors, pain receptors

25
Q

what stimuli do mechanoreceptors sense

A

sensitive to pressure and touch

26
Q

what stimuli do chemoreceptors sense

A

sensitive to chemicals (smell and taste)

27
Q

what stimuli do electromagnetic receptors sense

A

electromagnetic energy (light, electricity, magnetism)

28
Q

what stimuli do thermoreceptors sense

A

temperature

29
Q

what stimuli do pain receptors sense

A

pain

30
Q

What is gustation and what are the detection molecules called

A

gustation is taste and is dependent on tiger detection of chemicals called tastants

31
Q

What is olfaction and what are the detection molecules called

A

Olfaction is smell and is dependent on the detection of odorant molecules

32
Q

how many taste receptors do humans have

A

5 (sweet, sour, umami, salty, bitter)

33
Q

how does brain perceive taste

A

brain perceives taste based on which sensory receptors it triggers.

34
Q

What is the sequence for sensory processing

A

stimulus reception, sensory transduction, sensory perception, sensory adaptation

35
Q

what are the two main types of photoreceptor cells

A

Rods and cones

36
Q

What are rods

A

They are more sensitive to light but do not distinguish color

37
Q

What are cones

A

cones provide color to vision

38
Q

What is the light receptor molecule called

A

Rhodopsins

39
Q

What do rhodopsins do

A

can absorb photons of light and undergo conformational changes

40
Q

why is vitamin A important in light detection/ sight

A

Retinal is derived from Vitamin A. retinal is a protein found in rhodopsin and is important to the light detection

41
Q

how is color perceived in humans

A

color is sensed through pigments that are called photopsins which are formed when retinal binds to three distinct opsin proteins

42
Q

where is the highest density of cones located

A

in the center of the eye

43
Q

where is the highest density of rods

A

the periphery

44
Q

do receptor potentials cause the release of neurotransmitters?

A

Yes

45
Q

can receptor potentials cause an action potential?

A

yes

46
Q

What is a change in membrane potential of the sensory cell

A

Receptor potential

47
Q

Can receptor potentials be amplified?

A

Yes

48
Q

what will an increase of intensity of a stimulus affecting a primary receptor cell cause

A

an increase in the frequency of action potentials fired

49
Q

what could a change in the intensity of the stimulus affection a sensory neuron result in

A

the variation in the frequency of an action potential, and a variation in the amount of neurotransmitter released

50
Q

what is an example of a secondary receptor cell with a metabotropic chemoreceptor

A

umami taste receptor cell

51
Q

what is the difference between inotropic and metabotropic receptors

A

inotropic receptors are ion channels ad metabotropic are indirectly linked to ion channels

52
Q

where are taste buds found

A

found in the papillae of the tongue

53
Q

is a sour taste bud cell a primary or secondary ionotropic or metabotropic protein

A

secondary ionotropic

54
Q

is a rod cell a primary or secondary ionotropic or metabotropic protein

A

secondary metabotropic

55
Q

is an olfactory neuron a primary or secondary ionotropic or metabotropic protein

A

primary metabotropic

56
Q

do all olfactory sensory cells have metabotropic receptors

A

yes

57
Q

how do receptor potentials affect nearby cells

A

they change the potential of nearby membrane in response to stimulus

58
Q

a drug prevents afferent neurons from firing action potentials, which factor of sensory pathway is being affected

A

transmission

MCDB 1B (9 decks)

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