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MCDB 1B > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

In an outbreak of meningitis why was it easier to contract the disease when it was injected than when contacted with in the general environment

A

The fungus was able to avoid most innate defenses when injected

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2
Q

What is the innate system

A

a defense active immediately upon infection

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3
Q

is the innate system specific or not specific

A

Not specific. Born with it, on all the time

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4
Q

What are the external barrier defenses in the innate system

A

Skin, mucous membrane, secretions

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5
Q

Does the innate response happen fast or slow

A

rapid response

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6
Q

What type of pathogens does the innate system recognize

A

Recognizes traits shared by broad ranges of pathogens, using small set of receptors

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7
Q

What defenses are part of the innate system in vertebrates

A

Phagocytosis, antimicrobial peptides, natural killer cells, interferons, and the inflammatory response

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8
Q

How do innate immune cells recognize groups of pathogens

A

Through TLRs, or Toll Like Receptors

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9
Q

What do Toll like receptors (TLRs) do

A

They recognize fragments of molecules characteristics of a set of pathogens

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10
Q

How many TLRs do humans have

A

13

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11
Q

Are natural killer cells part of the cellular innate defense or the adaptive response

A

Part of cellular innate defense in vertebrates

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12
Q

What do natural killer cells do

A

They circulate through body and detect abnormal cells

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13
Q

How do natural killer cells kill cells they determine to be abnormal

A

They release chemicals leading to cell death

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14
Q

Does the cellular innate defense involve the lymphatic system

A

Yes, many cellular innate defenses involve the lymphatic system.

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15
Q

Are peptides and proteins part of the innate defense or adaptive response

A

Innate defense

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16
Q

What do peptides and proteins do

A

Function in innate defense by attacking pathogens or impeding their reproduction

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17
Q

Which defense system are interferons part of

A

Interferon proteins provide innate defense

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18
Q

What do interferon proteins do

A

Interferons with viruses and help activate macrophages

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19
Q

What does the complement system do

A

cause lysis of invading cells and helps trigger inflammation

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20
Q

How many proteins make up complement system

A

about 30 proteins

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21
Q

How do some pathogens evade the innate system

A

Some pathogens avoid destruction by modifying their surface to prevent recognition or resisting

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22
Q

Which of the following are part of the adaptive immune response. Complement proteins, macrophages, natural killer cells, mucus

A

None of them

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23
Q

what are the internal defenses for the innate system

A

Phagocytic cells, natural killer cells, antimicrobial proteins, inflammatory response

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24
Q

What are the main type of phagocytic cells

A

neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells

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25
Q

What are neutrophils

A

The most abundant white blood cells (they circulate in the blood)

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26
Q

Where are macrophages found

A

they migrate through the body or reside permanently in some organs and tissues

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27
Q

What are the main organs macrophages reside in

A

Spleen and liver

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28
Q

What do dendritic cells do

A

Stimulate development of adaptive immunity

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29
Q

Where are dendritic cells found

A

found in tissue of external pathways (where pathogens would most likely enter from)

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30
Q

Are eosinophils part of phagocytic cells

A

Yes

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31
Q

What do Eosinophils do

A

discharge destructive enzymes against parasites

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32
Q

What are the major lymph sites in the lymphatic system

A

bone marrow, thymus, and spleen

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33
Q

What is the inflammatory response

A

The pain, swelling, redness and warmth that occurs during injury or infection

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34
Q

How is the inflammatory response activated

A

Mast cells release histamine, which triggers blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable

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35
Q

Where are mast cells found

A

connective tissue

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36
Q

Which of the following is not a lymphoid tissue: Spleen, Thymus, Bone marrow, lymph nodes

A

All of the following are lymphoid tissues

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37
Q

Where are T cells secreted

A

the bone marrow

38
Q

Where are B cells secreted

A

Bone marrow

39
Q

where do B cells mature

A

The bone marrow

40
Q

Where do T cells mature

A

the Thymus

41
Q

Which is activated first. the innate or adaptive system

A

the innate is activated first

42
Q

Does the adaptive system have a fast or slower response

A

slow response

43
Q

Does the adaptive system recognize broad or specific pathogens

A

recognizes traits specific to particular pathogens, using a vast array of receptors

44
Q

What are the 2 responses in the adaptive system

A

Humoral response and the cell mediated response

45
Q

What is the humoral response

A

Antibodies defect again infection in body fluids

46
Q

what is the cell mediated response

A

cytotoxic cells defend against infection in body cells

47
Q

What two types of lymphocytes, or white blood cells, does the adaptive response rely on

A

T and B cells

48
Q

Are B cells under the humoral or cell mediated response

A

B cells are under humoral immunity

49
Q

What do B cells secrete

A

B cells secrete antibodies

50
Q

Do antibodies target extracellular or intracellular pathogens

A

Antibodies target extracellular pathogens

51
Q

Are cytotoxic T cells under the humoral or cell mediated response

A

Cytotoxic T cells are under the cell mediated response

52
Q

Are cytotoxic T cells under the humoral or cell mediated response

A

Cytotoxic T cells are under the cell mediated response

53
Q

What do cytotoxic t cells do

A

Kill virus infected/ cancer cells

54
Q

Do cytotoxic T cells target extracellular or intracellular pathogens

A

Cytotoxic T cells target intracellular pathogens

55
Q

What is an epitope

A

small part of an antigen that binds to an antigen receptor

56
Q

how are epitopes recognized

A

each b or T cell is specialized to recognize a specific epitope

57
Q

Which part of an antibody makes it specific

A

the variable site; the constant region is the same for all antibodies

58
Q

What are immunoglobulin (Ig)

A

Another name for antibodies

58
Q

What are immunoglobulin (Ig)

A

Another name for antibodies

59
Q

How do antibodies bind to antigens

A

Can bind to surface of antigens or free floating antigens in plasma

60
Q

How is specificity maintained in antibodies

A

Specific for one particular target such as Antibody A, antibody B etc.

61
Q

What is the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

A

The MHC proteins are plasma membrane glycoproteins

62
Q

What is the function of MHC proteins

A

to display antigens.

63
Q

Why are MHC proteins important

A

no ones MHC proteins are the same. This is how your cells are identified

64
Q

Where are Class I MHC proteins located

A

present on the surface of every nucleated cell in vertebrates

65
Q

Where are Class II MHC proteins found

A

found mostly on the surface of B cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages (antigen-presenting cells)

66
Q

What are the antigen presenting cells

A

macrophages, dendritic cells and B cells

67
Q

What can T cell receptors bind to?

A

Can ONLY bind to antigen fragments displayed or presented on MHC molecules

68
Q

What is antigen presentation

A

MHC molecules bind and transport antigen fragments to the cell surface

69
Q

How do T cells know which cells are infected

A

because of MHC proteins, infected cells present something on the surface saying that its infected

70
Q

In order for a T cell to participate in the adaptive immune response, what must it bind to

A

A T cell receptor must bind to both the antigen fragment and the MHC molecule

71
Q

4 main characteristics of adaptive immune system

A

Diversity of lymphocytes and receptors, doesn’t attack itself, b and T cells multiply after activation, immunological memory

72
Q

What is the primary immune response

A

The first exposure to a specific antigen

73
Q

Why is the primary response slow

A

Slow to develop (2 weeks) because it has t produce all cells and steps

74
Q

What is the secondary immune response

A

a faster, more efficient response to the same antigen

75
Q

Why is the secondary immune response much faster than the primary response

A

a reservoir of T and B memory cells are left over from the primary response because a clone of lymphocytes are formed during the primary response

76
Q

What is the humoral immune response

A

antibodies help neutralize or eliminate toxins and pathogens in the blood and lymph

77
Q

what is the cell mediated immune response

A

specialized T cells (cytotoxic T cells) destroy affected host cells

78
Q

What are helper T cells

A

activates both the humoral and cell mediated immune responses

79
Q

function of helper T cells

A

to activate the appropriate B cells

80
Q

Function of antibodies

A

they mark pathogens for inactivation of destruction. the do not kill pathogens

81
Q

Are MHC proteins the same in all vertebrates

A

No, this is how your body distinguishes your cells from others. everyones are different

82
Q

are the binding sites on immunoglobulin molecules identical

A

no, they have two binding sites but they are not identical

83
Q

What do toll like receptors (TLRs) bind to

A

Highly conserved foreign molecules expressed by pathogens

84
Q

How do phagocytes kill harmful bacteria

A

Through endocytosis

85
Q

What is endocytosis

A

where a pathogen is engulfed by the phagocytic cell

86
Q

What is the clonal selection theory

A

an individual animal contains many types of B cells, each producing one kind of antibody

87
Q

What is an antigenic determinant

A

it is part of an antigen to which an antibody binds

88
Q

are T cell receptors the primary receptors for the humoral immune system

A

No B cells are

89
Q

Do T cell clone differentiate into other T cells like cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells and plasma cells?

A

No, helper T cells clone and form many t helper cells which then activate the appropriate B cells

MCDB 1B (9 decks)

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