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MCDB 1B > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

How is information received

A

Information is received by sensory cells

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2
Q

What does the information need to be converted to in order for it to be processed by neuron

A

Information is converted (transduced) to electrical signals

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3
Q

How does the information get passed throughout the body

A

it is transmitted and processed by neurons

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4
Q

What is the purpose of neurons

A

receive, encode, and transmit information, use electrical impulses (action potentials), chemicals (neurotransmitters)

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5
Q

What is the purpose of glial cells

A

they protect, support, insulate and nourishment of neurons

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6
Q

What is the cell body of a neuron

A

It stores the nucleus and most of the cells organelles

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7
Q

What are dendrites and the purpose

A

They are the lines coming out of the cell body. they receive information from other neurons and sensory cells

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8
Q

What is the axon, and its function

A

the axon is the long part of the neuron. it carries information away from the cell body to target cells

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9
Q

What are some of the target cells that neurons transmit information to

A

other neurons, glands, muscle cells

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9
Q

What are some of the target cells that neurons transmit information to

A

other neurons, glands, muscle cells

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10
Q

How do neurotransmitters get released

A

nerve impulses on the axon terminals cause the release of neurotransmitters into the synapse

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11
Q

the nervous system process information in three stages what are they

A

Sensory input, integration, and motor output

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12
Q

What info do sensory neurons transmit

A

They transmit info about external stimuli like light, touch, or smell

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13
Q

What do interneurons do

A

They integrate (analyze and interpret) the information

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14
Q

What do motor neurons do

A

transmit signals to muscle cells, causing the to contract

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15
Q

What are action potentials

A

neurons communicate by producing electrical signals (action potentials)

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16
Q

which signals do neurons transduce over long distances

A

electrical signals (action potentials). can convert stimuli into electrical pulses

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17
Q

which signals do neurons transduce over short distances

A

chemical signals (neurotransmitters)

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18
Q

is a neurons resting potential negative or positive

A

neurons have a resting negative membrane potential

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19
Q

What is the membrane potential of a resting axon

A

-70 millivolts (mV)

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20
Q

is the inside of a cell more negative or positive than the outside

A

the inside of a cell is more negative

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21
Q

What are the major ions that carry electric charges across the plasma membrane

A

Sodium (Na+), chloride (Cl-), potassium (K+), and calcium (Ca2+)

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22
Q

ATP pump controls concentration of ions in and out of cell. what is the ratio of na to k

A

3 Na+ out, 2 K+ ions in

23
Q

Does the sodium potassium pump more against or down the concentration gradient

A

Against the gradient meaning it needs ATP

24
Q

Do ion channels need energy for things to flow through

A

No they don’t need energy. Ions can easily flow through

25
Q

How do ion channels choose what passes through

A

Ion channels selectively allow ions to pass through. If K channel, then only K can go in and out passively

26
Q

How do voltage gated channels open and close

A

They open or close in response to a change in the voltage across a plasma membrane

27
Q

How do chemically gated channels open and close

A

they open and close depending on the presence of absence of a specific chemical that binds to the channel proteins

28
Q

When is a cell depolarized

A

When the inside of a neuron becomes less negative in comparison to its resting condition

29
Q

When is a cell hyper polarized

A

when the inside of a neuron become more negative in comparison to its resting condition

30
Q

What are primarily responsible for action potentials

A

Voltage gated sodium channels

31
Q

What is the threshold potential number

A

It is 5-10 mV above the resting potential

32
Q

what is the purpose of the threshold potential

A

has to fire to threshold or else no action potential will occur

33
Q

What causes the action potential

A

results from rapid changes in voltage gated Na+ and K+ channels

34
Q

Do voltage gated potassium channels open faster or slower than sodium channels

A

voltage gated potassium open slower than sodium channels

35
Q

how does the slower opening potassium channels affect the cell

A

causes the plasma membrane to return to its resting potential

36
Q

what causes the falling of the action potential

A

sodium channels close while potassium channels open. potassium flowing out of the cell makes it more negative lowering the action potential until it undershoots

37
Q

is sodium higher on the inside or outside of the cell membrane

A

sodium is higher on the outside

38
Q

is potassium on the outside or inside of the cell membrane

A

potassium is higher on the inside of the cell

39
Q

What is the refractory period

A

channels in the area cant respond to another signals

40
Q

why do action potentials travel forward in one direction

A

the sodium channel current depolarize next section

41
Q

how does the potassium channel make the action potential flow forward

A

potassium flows out and k+ channels stay open longer than na+ which is why action potentials only goes forward

42
Q

how long is the refractory period

A

1-2 milliseconds

43
Q

what is the refractory period

A

the cells are non responsive so they cannot fire another signal and why they cant go backwards

44
Q

Where are the voltage gated channels located

A

They are located in the nodes of ranvier (the gaps in the myelin sheath)

45
Q

why is propagation of action potentials so fast

A

action potentials only fire in nodes so its propagation is much faster

46
Q

What are astrocytes

A

contribute to the blood brain barrier, protect the Brian from toxic chemicals in the blood. permeable to fat soluble molecules

47
Q

what is the purpose of astrocytes

A

monitor all changes in blood because neurons don’t know what’s happening in blood and need to change accordingly 2

48
Q

a disease that destroys myelin produced by oligodendrocytes would most likely cause what

A

neurons in the brain and spinal cord would conduct action potentials slower

49
Q

how is the resting potential of the nerve cell membrane maintained

A

the sodium potassium pump keeps the concentration of K inside the cell greater than outside, and the conc of Na outside the cell greater than inside (3 Na out/ 2 k in)

50
Q

a neuron that collects info from a few inputs and transmits it a short distance to another close neuron would have what shape

A

a few dendrites with a short axon

51
Q

what do graded potentials do

A

they allow a cell to integrate inputs and respond proportionally

52
Q

what is the cell that is wrapped around the axon of a neuron in the brain, forming concentric layers of plasma membrane

A

an oligodendrocyte

53
Q

what do oligodendrocytes do

A

insulate the axon for rapid conduction of action potentials

54
Q

at resting potential, are most of the sodium channels open or closed

A

They are closed

55
Q

when an action potential is occurring, which way do the ions flow

A

Na will move into the cell, and K will move out of the cell

56
Q

when you decide to mark a particular answer, your nervous system sends the command to your hand to do so. the command is carried into your hand by axons of which type of neuron

A

Efferent neurons- motor neurons

MCDB 1B (9 decks)

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