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Physiology > Sensory Physiology > Flashcards

Sensory Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Provides information to the CNS about the state of the body and/or the immediate environment

A

Sensation

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2
Q

Specialized epithelial cell or neurons that transduce environmental signals into neural signals

A

Sensory receptors

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3
Q

Change in membrane potential produced by the stimulus; trigger action potential trains

A

Generator potential/receptor potential

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4
Q

Characteristic of sensory receptors described as specific sensations have specific receptors

A

Differential sensitivity

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5
Q

Characteristic of sensory receptors described as specific sensations have specific pathways

A

Labeled line principle

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6
Q

Characteristic of sensory receptors described as a change in a way a receptor responds to sequential or prolonged stimulation

A

Adaptation

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7
Q

Type of receptors for continuous stimulus strength (detects steady stimulus); exhibited by muscle spindle, golgi tendon, slow pain receptors, baroreceptor, chemoreceptor

A

Slowly-adapting/tonic receptors

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8
Q

Type of receptors for detecting change in stimulus strength (detects onset and offset of stimulus); has predictive function; exhibited by pacinian corpuscle

A

Rapidly-adapting/phasic receptors

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9
Q

Region of the skin where stimuli can change the firing rate of the sensory neurons

A

Receptive field

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10
Q

Difference between Type 1 and Type 2 receptive field

A

Type 1: smaller RF with well-defined border

Type 2: wider RF with poorly-defined border

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11
Q

Tactile receptor found in the skin for touch and pressure

A

Free nerve endings

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12
Q

Tactile receptor found in non-hairy skin (fingertips and lips) for movement of objects and low-frequency vibration

A

Meissner’s corpuscles (FA1)

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13
Q

Tactile receptor for localizing touch sensation and to determine texture

A

Merkel’s Disc (SA1)

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14
Q

Merkel’s disc combine to form:

A

Iggo Dome receptors

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15
Q

Tactile receptor found in the hair base to detect movement of object on the skin

A

Hair-end organ

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16
Q

Tactile receptor found in deep skin, internal tissure and joint capsules for heavy and prolonged touch (pressure) and to signal degree of joint rotation

A

Ruffini’s end organs (SA2)

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17
Q

Tactile receptor found in skin and deep fascia, with onion-like structure, which detects high-frequency vibration

A

Pacinina corpuscles (FA2)

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18
Q

First-order neurons have cell bodies located at:

A

Dorsal root or cranial nerve ganglia

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19
Q

Second-order neurons have cell bodies located at:

A

Spinal cord or brainstem

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20
Q

Third-order neurons have cell bodies located at:

A

Thalamus

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21
Q

Fourth-order neurons have cell bodies located at:

A

Sensory cortex

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22
Q

Somatosensory pathway which uses large myelinated fibers, with temporal and spatial fidelity, crosses near the medulla, for vibration, sensations that signal movement against the skin, position sense and fine pressure, and two-point discrimination.

A

Dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway

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23
Q

Somatosensory pathway which uses smaller myelinated fibers, less fidelity and less accurate, crosses immediately, for pain, temperature sensation, crude touch and pressure sensation, tickle and itch sensation and sexual sensation

A

Antero-lateral system (spinothalamic tract)

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24
Q

Relay station for sensation

A

Thalamus

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25
Q

Relay station of dorsal column medial lemniscus pathway

A

VPL nuclei

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26
Q

Relay station of trigeminothalamic pathway

A

VPM nuclei

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27
Q

Relay station of anterolateral system

A

VPI nuclei

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28
Q

In the sensory homunculus, the largest areas are for the:

A

Fingers, hands and face (for precise localization)

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29
Q

Type of pain carried by Type-A delta fibers

A

Fast pain

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30
Q

Neurotransmitter used by fast pain

A

Glutamate

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31
Q

Type of pain associated with tissue destruction

A

Slow pain

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32
Q

Neurotransmitter used by slow pain

A

Substance P

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33
Q

Fibers that carry slow pain

A

Type C fibers

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34
Q

This is due to the sharing of 2nd order neurons in the spinal cord of visceral pain fibers and skin pain fibers; follows the dermatome rule

A

Referred pain

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35
Q

Pain killer system of the body

A

Endogenous analgesia system

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36
Q

Substances involved in the opioid-mediated endogenous analgesia system

A

Enkephalin, Dynorphine, Beta-endorphine

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37
Q

Stimulated tactile receptors can inhibit pain in the spinal cord

A

Lateral inhibition

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38
Q

Pain receptors are stimulated at what temperatures?

A

43 degrees

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39
Q

What receptors are for warmth? for cold?

A

Warmth: free nerve endings, Type C fibers
Cold: Type A delta fibers

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40
Q

The visual system detects and interprets electromagnetic waves between:

A

400 - 750 nm

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41
Q

Refers to the ability to bend light; measured in Diopters

A

Refractive power

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42
Q

The eyes have a refractive power of __ diopters; 2/3 by the cornea, 1/3 by the lens

A

59 diopters

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43
Q

Distant vision:
Lens: ____
Suspensory ligaments: _____
Ciliary muscles: _____

A

Lens flat, thin
Suspensory ligaments tensed
Ciliary muscles relaxed

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44
Q

Close vision:
Lens: ____
Suspensory ligaments: _____
Ciliary muscles: _____

A

Lens spherical, thick
Suspensory ligaments relaxed
CIliary muscles contracted

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45
Q

Automatic adjustment in the focal length of the lens of the eye to permit retinal focus of images of objects at varying distances

A

Accomodation

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46
Q

Accomodation provides an additional __ diopters for the lens

A

14 diopters

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47
Q

Maintains shape of the eye

A

Intraocular fluid

48
Q

Main determinant of IOP, produced by the ciliary body, exits into canal of Schlemm

A

Aqueous humor

49
Q

Flow of Aqueous humor

A

Ciliary body –> posterior chamber –> pupil –> anterior chamber –> trabecular meshwork –> anterior chamber angle –> canal of Schlemm –> uveoscleral veins

50
Q

Light sensitive portion of the eye which contains the photoreceptors rods and cones

A

Retina

51
Q

Light causes hyperpolarization of the photoreceptors in the retina. This is caused by:

A

Closing of Na channels

52
Q

Area of central vision with slight thickening and pale color

A

Macula lutea

53
Q

Depression in macula lutea with the highest visual resolution; where image from fixation point is focused

A

Fovea

54
Q

Reason for high visual resolution in the fovea

A

Highest cone density

55
Q

Lacks photoreceptors or the anatomic blind spot

A

Optic disk

56
Q

What do you call the protrusion of the optic disk into the vitreous space due to increased ICP?

A

Papilledema

57
Q

Retinal layer where hyperpolarization action potential is created

A

Ganglion cell layer

58
Q

Retinal layer that is the site of retinal detachment

A

Pigment epithelium

59
Q

What is the function of the pigment epithelium?

A

Absorb stray light and preventing light from scattering

60
Q

Deterioration of pigment epithelium

A

Macular degeneration

61
Q

Pigment epithelium lacks melanin

A

Albinism

62
Q

Interneuron that connects rods and cones with ganglion cells; contrast detectors

A

Bipolar cells

63
Q

Interneurons that form local circuits with bipolar cells

A

Amacrine cells, horizontal cells

64
Q

Maintains internal geometry of the retina; retinal glial cell; its axons form the optic nerve

A

Mueller cells

65
Q

Output cells of the retina:

For color, form, fine details

A

P cells

66
Q

Output cells of the retina:

For illumination, movement

A

M cells

67
Q

Photopigment of rods:

A

Rhodopsin

68
Q

3 types of color photochemicals in cones

A

Blue, green, red

69
Q

Rods or Cones?

Narrower and longer

A

Rods

70
Q

Rods or Cones?

Less signal amplification, less numerous

A

Cones

71
Q

Rods or Cones?

30 - 300x more sensitive

A

Rods

72
Q

Rods or Cones?

Adapts 4 times more rapidly but only for a few seconds

A

Cones

73
Q

Rods or Cones?

Adapts 4 times less rapidly but last for minutes to hours

A

Rods

74
Q

Rods or Cones?

Higher visual acuity

A

Cones

75
Q

Rods or Cones?

Present in fovea

A

Cones

76
Q

Cause hyperpolarization of the retina

A

Metarhodopsin II

77
Q

Light rays converge in front of the retina (long eyeball)

A

Myopia (correct with biconcave lens)

78
Q

Light rays converge behind the retina (short eyeball)

A

Hyperopia (correct with convex lens)

79
Q

Irregular curvature of the cornea

A

Astigmatism (correct with cylindrical lens)

80
Q

Age-related loss of accomodation

A

Presbyopia (correct with convex lens)

81
Q

First sign of vitamin A deficiency

A

Nyctalopia

82
Q

Produced by compression and decompression waves transmitter in air or other elastic media such as water

A

Sound

83
Q

Speed of sound

A

335m/sec in air

84
Q

Unit of measure of sound frequency; sound pressure

A

Frequency: Hertz
Pressure: Decibel

85
Q

Human ear can detect sounds in this frequency range

A

20 - 20,000 cycles per second or Hertz

86
Q

This kind of sound frequency is more damaging to the organ of Corti

A

Low frequency sounds

87
Q

What is the frequency of conversational speech?

A

60 dB

88
Q

What is the age-related progressive sensorineural hearing loss?

A

Presbycusis

89
Q

Occupational hearing loss occurs after > 10 years exposure to which sound pressure?

A

> 85 dB

90
Q

What sound pressure will cause pain and possible permanent damage?

A

> 120 dB

91
Q

Fluid of the inner ear that is high in potassium; same as ICF

A

Endolymph

92
Q

Fluid of the inner ear that is high in sodium; same as ECF

A

Perilymph

93
Q

What is the function of the pinna?

A

Sound collection and localization

94
Q

What are the two muscles found in the middle ear?

A

Tensor tympani, stapedius

95
Q

What is the function of the two muscles in the middle ear?

A

Attenuation reflex (protects inner hair cells from very loud sounds)

96
Q

What is the connection between the middle ear and nasopharynx?

A

Eustachian tube (equalizes pressure differences)

97
Q

What frequency of sounds are near the oval window?

A

High frequency sounds

98
Q

What frequency of sounds are near the helicotrema?

A

Low frequency sounds

99
Q

What is the function of the middle ear?

A

Impedance matching (amplification of sound to compensate for the expected decrease in the inner ear)

100
Q

What is the function of the attenuation reflex?

A

Protects cochlea from loud (damaging sounds); masks background noise

101
Q

What is the function of the basilar membrane?

A

Frequency analyzer: distributes stimulus along the organ of Corti according to frequency

102
Q

What is the function of the utricle and saccule (otolith organs)?

A

For linear acceleration

103
Q

What is the sensory organ of the otolith organs?

A

Macule (with stataconia and hair cells)

104
Q

What is the function of the semicircular canals?

A

For angular acceleration

105
Q

What is the sensory organ of the semicircular canals?

A

Crista ampullaris (with cupula and hair cells)

106
Q

What is the “life span” of taste receptors (not true neurons)?

A

Lasts 10 days and continuously replaced

107
Q

Sweet taste is caused mainly by:

A

Sucrose

108
Q

Salty taste is caused mainly by:

A

Sodium

109
Q

Sour taste is caused mainly by:

A

HCl

110
Q

Umami taste is caused by:

A

MSG

111
Q

Bitter taste (more sensitive than other tastes) is caused by:

A

Quinine (and long-chain nitrogen containing substances)

112
Q

Possible 6th taste:

A

Fat

113
Q

How many are the olfactory receptors?

A

10 million

114
Q

What is the “life span” of olfactory chemoreceptors (true neurons)?

A

Lasts 60 days and continuously replaced

115
Q

What fibers are used by the olfactory chemoreceptors?

A

Type C unmyelinated fibers (no relay station in the thalamus)

116
Q

Olfactory membrane is also innervated by CN __ that detects noxious/painful stimuli

A

CN V

Physiology (13 decks)

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