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Sensory Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Provides information to the CNS about the state of the body and/or the immediate environment

A

Sensation

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2
Q

Specialized epithelial cell or neurons that transduce environmental signals into neural signals

A

Sensory receptors

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3
Q

Change in membrane potential produced by the stimulus; trigger action potential trains

A

Generator potential/receptor potential

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4
Q

Characteristic of sensory receptors described as specific sensations have specific receptors

A

Differential sensitivity

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5
Q

Characteristic of sensory receptors described as specific sensations have specific pathways

A

Labeled line principle

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6
Q

Characteristic of sensory receptors described as a change in a way a receptor responds to sequential or prolonged stimulation

A

Adaptation

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7
Q

Type of receptors for continuous stimulus strength (detects steady stimulus); exhibited by muscle spindle, golgi tendon, slow pain receptors, baroreceptor, chemoreceptor

A

Slowly-adapting/tonic receptors

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8
Q

Type of receptors for detecting change in stimulus strength (detects onset and offset of stimulus); has predictive function; exhibited by pacinian corpuscle

A

Rapidly-adapting/phasic receptors

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9
Q

Region of the skin where stimuli can change the firing rate of the sensory neurons

A

Receptive field

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10
Q

Difference between Type 1 and Type 2 receptive field

A

Type 1: smaller RF with well-defined border

Type 2: wider RF with poorly-defined border

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11
Q

Tactile receptor found in the skin for touch and pressure

A

Free nerve endings

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12
Q

Tactile receptor found in non-hairy skin (fingertips and lips) for movement of objects and low-frequency vibration

A

Meissner’s corpuscles (FA1)

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13
Q

Tactile receptor for localizing touch sensation and to determine texture

A

Merkel’s Disc (SA1)

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14
Q

Merkel’s disc combine to form:

A

Iggo Dome receptors

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15
Q

Tactile receptor found in the hair base to detect movement of object on the skin

A

Hair-end organ

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16
Q

Tactile receptor found in deep skin, internal tissure and joint capsules for heavy and prolonged touch (pressure) and to signal degree of joint rotation

A

Ruffini’s end organs (SA2)

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17
Q

Tactile receptor found in skin and deep fascia, with onion-like structure, which detects high-frequency vibration

A

Pacinina corpuscles (FA2)

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18
Q

First-order neurons have cell bodies located at:

A

Dorsal root or cranial nerve ganglia

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19
Q

Second-order neurons have cell bodies located at:

A

Spinal cord or brainstem

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20
Q

Third-order neurons have cell bodies located at:

A

Thalamus

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21
Q

Fourth-order neurons have cell bodies located at:

A

Sensory cortex

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22
Q

Somatosensory pathway which uses large myelinated fibers, with temporal and spatial fidelity, crosses near the medulla, for vibration, sensations that signal movement against the skin, position sense and fine pressure, and two-point discrimination.

A

Dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway

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23
Q

Somatosensory pathway which uses smaller myelinated fibers, less fidelity and less accurate, crosses immediately, for pain, temperature sensation, crude touch and pressure sensation, tickle and itch sensation and sexual sensation

A

Antero-lateral system (spinothalamic tract)

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24
Q

Relay station for sensation

A

Thalamus

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25
Relay station of dorsal column medial lemniscus pathway
VPL nuclei
26
Relay station of trigeminothalamic pathway
VPM nuclei
27
Relay station of anterolateral system
VPI nuclei
28
In the sensory homunculus, the largest areas are for the:
Fingers, hands and face (for precise localization)
29
Type of pain carried by Type-A delta fibers
Fast pain
30
Neurotransmitter used by fast pain
Glutamate
31
Type of pain associated with tissue destruction
Slow pain
32
Neurotransmitter used by slow pain
Substance P
33
Fibers that carry slow pain
Type C fibers
34
This is due to the sharing of 2nd order neurons in the spinal cord of visceral pain fibers and skin pain fibers; follows the dermatome rule
Referred pain
35
Pain killer system of the body
Endogenous analgesia system
36
Substances involved in the opioid-mediated endogenous analgesia system
Enkephalin, Dynorphine, Beta-endorphine
37
Stimulated tactile receptors can inhibit pain in the spinal cord
Lateral inhibition
38
Pain receptors are stimulated at what temperatures?
43 degrees
39
What receptors are for warmth? for cold?
Warmth: free nerve endings, Type C fibers Cold: Type A delta fibers
40
The visual system detects and interprets electromagnetic waves between:
400 - 750 nm
41
Refers to the ability to bend light; measured in Diopters
Refractive power
42
The eyes have a refractive power of __ diopters; 2/3 by the cornea, 1/3 by the lens
59 diopters
43
Distant vision: Lens: ____ Suspensory ligaments: _____ Ciliary muscles: _____
Lens flat, thin Suspensory ligaments tensed Ciliary muscles relaxed
44
Close vision: Lens: ____ Suspensory ligaments: _____ Ciliary muscles: _____
Lens spherical, thick Suspensory ligaments relaxed CIliary muscles contracted
45
Automatic adjustment in the focal length of the lens of the eye to permit retinal focus of images of objects at varying distances
Accomodation
46
Accomodation provides an additional __ diopters for the lens
14 diopters
47
Maintains shape of the eye
Intraocular fluid
48
Main determinant of IOP, produced by the ciliary body, exits into canal of Schlemm
Aqueous humor
49
Flow of Aqueous humor
Ciliary body --> posterior chamber --> pupil --> anterior chamber --> trabecular meshwork --> anterior chamber angle --> canal of Schlemm --> uveoscleral veins
50
Light sensitive portion of the eye which contains the photoreceptors rods and cones
Retina
51
Light causes hyperpolarization of the photoreceptors in the retina. This is caused by:
Closing of Na channels
52
Area of central vision with slight thickening and pale color
Macula lutea
53
Depression in macula lutea with the highest visual resolution; where image from fixation point is focused
Fovea
54
Reason for high visual resolution in the fovea
Highest cone density
55
Lacks photoreceptors or the anatomic blind spot
Optic disk
56
What do you call the protrusion of the optic disk into the vitreous space due to increased ICP?
Papilledema
57
Retinal layer where hyperpolarization action potential is created
Ganglion cell layer
58
Retinal layer that is the site of retinal detachment
Pigment epithelium
59
What is the function of the pigment epithelium?
Absorb stray light and preventing light from scattering
60
Deterioration of pigment epithelium
Macular degeneration
61
Pigment epithelium lacks melanin
Albinism
62
Interneuron that connects rods and cones with ganglion cells; contrast detectors
Bipolar cells
63
Interneurons that form local circuits with bipolar cells
Amacrine cells, horizontal cells
64
Maintains internal geometry of the retina; retinal glial cell; its axons form the optic nerve
Mueller cells
65
Output cells of the retina: | For color, form, fine details
P cells
66
Output cells of the retina: | For illumination, movement
M cells
67
Photopigment of rods:
Rhodopsin
68
3 types of color photochemicals in cones
Blue, green, red
69
Rods or Cones? | Narrower and longer
Rods
70
Rods or Cones? | Less signal amplification, less numerous
Cones
71
Rods or Cones? | 30 - 300x more sensitive
Rods
72
Rods or Cones? | Adapts 4 times more rapidly but only for a few seconds
Cones
73
Rods or Cones? | Adapts 4 times less rapidly but last for minutes to hours
Rods
74
Rods or Cones? | Higher visual acuity
Cones
75
Rods or Cones? | Present in fovea
Cones
76
Cause hyperpolarization of the retina
Metarhodopsin II
77
Light rays converge in front of the retina (long eyeball)
Myopia (correct with biconcave lens)
78
Light rays converge behind the retina (short eyeball)
Hyperopia (correct with convex lens)
79
Irregular curvature of the cornea
Astigmatism (correct with cylindrical lens)
80
Age-related loss of accomodation
Presbyopia (correct with convex lens)
81
First sign of vitamin A deficiency
Nyctalopia
82
Produced by compression and decompression waves transmitter in air or other elastic media such as water
Sound
83
Speed of sound
335m/sec in air
84
Unit of measure of sound frequency; sound pressure
Frequency: Hertz Pressure: Decibel
85
Human ear can detect sounds in this frequency range
20 - 20,000 cycles per second or Hertz
86
This kind of sound frequency is more damaging to the organ of Corti
Low frequency sounds
87
What is the frequency of conversational speech?
60 dB
88
What is the age-related progressive sensorineural hearing loss?
Presbycusis
89
Occupational hearing loss occurs after > 10 years exposure to which sound pressure?
> 85 dB
90
What sound pressure will cause pain and possible permanent damage?
> 120 dB
91
Fluid of the inner ear that is high in potassium; same as ICF
Endolymph
92
Fluid of the inner ear that is high in sodium; same as ECF
Perilymph
93
What is the function of the pinna?
Sound collection and localization
94
What are the two muscles found in the middle ear?
Tensor tympani, stapedius
95
What is the function of the two muscles in the middle ear?
Attenuation reflex (protects inner hair cells from very loud sounds)
96
What is the connection between the middle ear and nasopharynx?
Eustachian tube (equalizes pressure differences)
97
What frequency of sounds are near the oval window?
High frequency sounds
98
What frequency of sounds are near the helicotrema?
Low frequency sounds
99
What is the function of the middle ear?
Impedance matching (amplification of sound to compensate for the expected decrease in the inner ear)
100
What is the function of the attenuation reflex?
Protects cochlea from loud (damaging sounds); masks background noise
101
What is the function of the basilar membrane?
Frequency analyzer: distributes stimulus along the organ of Corti according to frequency
102
What is the function of the utricle and saccule (otolith organs)?
For linear acceleration
103
What is the sensory organ of the otolith organs?
Macule (with stataconia and hair cells)
104
What is the function of the semicircular canals?
For angular acceleration
105
What is the sensory organ of the semicircular canals?
Crista ampullaris (with cupula and hair cells)
106
What is the "life span" of taste receptors (not true neurons)?
Lasts 10 days and continuously replaced
107
Sweet taste is caused mainly by:
Sucrose
108
Salty taste is caused mainly by:
Sodium
109
Sour taste is caused mainly by:
HCl
110
Umami taste is caused by:
MSG
111
Bitter taste (more sensitive than other tastes) is caused by:
Quinine (and long-chain nitrogen containing substances)
112
Possible 6th taste:
Fat
113
How many are the olfactory receptors?
10 million
114
What is the "life span" of olfactory chemoreceptors (true neurons)?
Lasts 60 days and continuously replaced
115
What fibers are used by the olfactory chemoreceptors?
Type C unmyelinated fibers (no relay station in the thalamus)
116
Olfactory membrane is also innervated by CN __ that detects noxious/painful stimuli
CN V

Physiology (13 decks)

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