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Physiology > Reproductive Physiology > Flashcards

Reproductive Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Defined by sex chromosomes

A

Genetic sex

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2
Q

Defined by presence of ovaries/testes

A

Gonadal sex

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3
Q

Defined by characteristic of internal genital tract and external genitalia

A

Phenotypic sex

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4
Q

Internal genital tract in males:

A

prostate, seminal vesicle, vas deferens, epididymis

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5
Q

Internal genital tract in females

A

fallopian tube, uterus, upper 1/3 of vagina

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6
Q

External genitalia in males:

A

scrotum, penis

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7
Q

External genitalia in females

A

clitoris, labia minora & majora, lower 2/3 vagina

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8
Q

Secreted by Sertoli cells to cause atrophy of Mullerian ducts

A

Antimullerian hormone

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9
Q

Secreted by Leydig cells for growth of Wolffian ducts

A

Testosterone

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10
Q

Which substance is suspected to initiate pubery?

A

Melatonin

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11
Q

What conditions may inhibit the onset of puberty?

A

stress, malnutrition

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12
Q

What is the first event in puberty in males, and in females?

A

Males: testicular enlargement
Female: breast enlargement (thelarche)

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13
Q

Which hormone causes adrenarche (pubic hair, axillary hair development) in females?

A

Adrenal androgens

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14
Q

What is the offshoot of the genital tubercle in males and in females?

A

Males: Glans penis: Females: Glans clitoris
Males: Corpus cavernosum and spongiosum: Females: vestibular bulbs

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15
Q

What is the offshoot of the urogenital sinus in males and in females?

A

Males: bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands: Females: Bartholin’s (greater vestibular) glands
Males: Prostate gland: Females: Skene’s (urethral and paraurethral) glands

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16
Q

What is the offshoot of the urogenital folds in males and in females?

A

Males: ventral shaft of the penis (penile urethra): Females: labia minora

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17
Q

What is the offshoot of the labioscrotal swelling in males and in females?

A

Males: scrotum: Females: labia majora

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18
Q

3 forms of androgens:

A

Androstenedione, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone

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19
Q

Most powerful form of androgen:

A

Dihydrotestosterone

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20
Q

Androgens:
Blood transport: bound to _____ and _____
Liver degradation to ______ and _____
Excretion into the feces and urine.

A

bound to Albumin and sex-hormone binding globulin

liver degradation to Androsterone and DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone)

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21
Q

Stimulates the Sertoli cell for spermatogenesis

A

FSH

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22
Q

Stimulates the Leydig cells to secrete testosterone

A

LH

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23
Q

Testosterone vs Dihydrotestosterone
Buzz words: hair, baldness, sebaceous glands, penis, scrotum, prostate = dihydrotestosterone
All others caused by testosterone

A
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24
Q

What is responsible for sperm production?

A

seminiferous tubules

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25
Q

What is responsible for sperm maturation and motility?

A

epididymis

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26
Q

What is responsible for sperm storage?

A

Vas deferens

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27
Q

What is responsible for sperm nutrition (fructose and prostaglandins)?

A

seminal vesicle

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28
Q

What is responsible for semen alkalinity (spermine)

A

prostate gland

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29
Q

What is the function of the bulbourethral gland/Cowper’s glands?

A

supplies mucus

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30
Q

Trace the path of the semen:

A 
SEVEN UP (Think: it's usually up by 7AM to remember the mnemonic)
Seminiferous tubules
Epididymis
Vas deferens
Ejaculatory ducts
(Nothing)
Urethra
Penis
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31
Q

What is the temperature of the testes?

A

1-2 degrees celcius cooler than body temperature

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32
Q

What is responsible for the temperature in the testes?

A

countercurrent exchange of the testicular vessels

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33
Q

What is the duration of spermatogenesis?

A

64 days

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34
Q

What is the sperm production per day?

A

128 million

35
Q

Activation of sperm in the female genital tract for 4-6 hours is called:

A

Capacitation

36
Q

What is the enzyme that converts androstenedione to testosterone?

A

17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

37
Q

What is the enzyme that converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone?

A

5 alpha reductase

38
Q

What is the 5 alpha reductase inhibitor used for male pattern baldness and BPH?

A

Finasteride

39
Q

What is responsible for erection?

A

parasympathetic stimulation (uses Nitric oxide aside from Ach)

40
Q

What do you call the movement of semen from the vas deferens ampulla to the internal urethra?

A

Emission

41
Q

What do you call the movement of semen from the internal urethra to the environment?

A

Ejaculation

42
Q

After ejaculation, sexual excitement disappears for 1-2 minutes, this is called:

A

Resolution

43
Q

Cell which determines the sex of the baby:

A

Sperm cell

44
Q

Part of the sperm cell that contains hyaluronidase, proteolytic enzymes

A

Acrosome

45
Q

Acrosome comes from which organelle?

A

Golgi apparatus

46
Q

Definition of low sperm count

A
47
Q

Sequelae of cryptorchidism

A

Infertility, testicular CA

48
Q

The effect of this is loss of body hair, musculature, thick bones, decreased libido

A

Castration after puberty

49
Q

Vestigial remnant of 3rd eye; secretes melatonin which is involved in reproduction and sex drive

A

Pineal gland

50
Q

Ovum surrounded by single layer of granulosa cells, which provides nourishment to ovum and secretes inhibiting factor to keep ovum in prophase

A

Primordial follicle

51
Q

Part of the primary follicle that secretes estrogen and progesterone

A

Theca interna

52
Q

Part of the primary follicle that becomes the capsule of the follice

A

Theca externa

53
Q

The size of a mature follicle

A

1 - 1.5cm

54
Q

LH surge causes increase in follicular size, decreased estrogen and increased progesterone leading to:

A

Ovulation

55
Q

What causes the expulsion of the ovum?

A

Theca externa releases proteolytic enzymes causing wall swelling and rupture

56
Q

What forms the corpus luteum?

A

Granulosa cells and theca cells luteinized to form luteal cells which become the corpus luteum

57
Q

Form of estrogen secreted by the adrenal cortex and theca cella, seen in post-menopause

A

Estrone

58
Q

Form of estrogen secreted by the ovaries, seen during reproductive years

A

Estradiol

59
Q

Form of estrogen secreted by the placenta, seen during pregnancy

A

Estriol

60
Q

Enzyme that catalyzes conversion of androstenedione to estrone and testosterone –> estradiol

A

Aromatase

61
Q

Estrogen vs Progesterone:

lowers uterine threshold to contractile stimuli

A

Estrogen

62
Q

Estrogen vs Progesterone:

raises uterine threshold to contractile stimuli during pregnancy

A

Progesterone

63
Q

Estrogen vs Progesterone:

Inhibits osteoclasts

A

Estrogen

64
Q

What is the normal length of the menstrual cycle?

A

28 +/- 7 days

65
Q

What phase of the menstrual and endometrial cycle does estrogen predominate?

A

Follicular phase, Proliferative phase

66
Q

What phase of the menstrual and endometrial cycle does progesterone predominate?

A

Luteal phase, Secretory phase

67
Q

What causes menstruation?

A

Cessation of progesterone

68
Q

During menstruation, levels of estrogen, progesterone, FSH and LH are all:

A

Decreased

69
Q

During the follicular phase, which hormones increase and which decrease?

A

Estrogen, FSH: increase

Progesterone, LH: decrease

70
Q

During ovulation, female hormones increase except:

A

Progesterone (estrogen, FSH, LH decrease)

71
Q

During luteal phase, female hormones decrease except:

A

Progesterone (estrogen, FSH, LH increase)

72
Q

Produced by ovarian granulosa cell and inhibits FSH secretion from anterior pituitary

A

Inhibin

73
Q

Produced by ovarian granulosa cell and stimulates FSH secretion from anterior pituitary

A

Activin

74
Q

Average age menarche and menopause

A

Menarche: 13 y/o
Menopause: 45 y/o

75
Q

Number of lifetime mature follicles

A

400 follicles

76
Q

Peak of sexual desire

A

Just before ovulation

77
Q

Fertilized ovum implanting on uterus

A

Blastocyst

78
Q

Pregnancy: Egg has ____ hours to be fertilized

A

24 hours

79
Q

Pregnancy: Sperm has ____ days to fertilize the egg

A

1-5 days

80
Q

Pregnancy: normal site of fertilization

A

Ampulla of oviduct

81
Q

Cells of the blastocysts that digests and liquefies the endometrium for invasion

A

Trophoblast

Cytotrophoblast - inner; Syncitiotrophoblast - outer

82
Q

Nutrient-rich endometrium invaded by trophoblasts

A

Decidua

83
Q

Hormone produced by the syncitiotrophoblast that rescues the corpus luteum

A

B-HCG

84
Q

Growth hormone of pregnancy; index of placental well-being; promotes insulin resistance in the mother

A

Human chorionic somatomammotropin/ Human placental lactogen

Physiology (13 decks)

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