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Reproductive Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Defined by sex chromosomes

A

Genetic sex

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2
Q

Defined by presence of ovaries/testes

A

Gonadal sex

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3
Q

Defined by characteristic of internal genital tract and external genitalia

A

Phenotypic sex

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4
Q

Internal genital tract in males:

A

prostate, seminal vesicle, vas deferens, epididymis

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5
Q

Internal genital tract in females

A

fallopian tube, uterus, upper 1/3 of vagina

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6
Q

External genitalia in males:

A

scrotum, penis

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7
Q

External genitalia in females

A

clitoris, labia minora & majora, lower 2/3 vagina

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8
Q

Secreted by Sertoli cells to cause atrophy of Mullerian ducts

A

Antimullerian hormone

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9
Q

Secreted by Leydig cells for growth of Wolffian ducts

A

Testosterone

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10
Q

Which substance is suspected to initiate pubery?

A

Melatonin

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11
Q

What conditions may inhibit the onset of puberty?

A

stress, malnutrition

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12
Q

What is the first event in puberty in males, and in females?

A

Males: testicular enlargement
Female: breast enlargement (thelarche)

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13
Q

Which hormone causes adrenarche (pubic hair, axillary hair development) in females?

A

Adrenal androgens

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14
Q

What is the offshoot of the genital tubercle in males and in females?

A

Males: Glans penis: Females: Glans clitoris
Males: Corpus cavernosum and spongiosum: Females: vestibular bulbs

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15
Q

What is the offshoot of the urogenital sinus in males and in females?

A

Males: bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands: Females: Bartholin’s (greater vestibular) glands
Males: Prostate gland: Females: Skene’s (urethral and paraurethral) glands

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16
Q

What is the offshoot of the urogenital folds in males and in females?

A

Males: ventral shaft of the penis (penile urethra): Females: labia minora

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17
Q

What is the offshoot of the labioscrotal swelling in males and in females?

A

Males: scrotum: Females: labia majora

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18
Q

3 forms of androgens:

A

Androstenedione, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone

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19
Q

Most powerful form of androgen:

A

Dihydrotestosterone

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20
Q

Androgens:
Blood transport: bound to _____ and _____
Liver degradation to ______ and _____
Excretion into the feces and urine.

A

bound to Albumin and sex-hormone binding globulin

liver degradation to Androsterone and DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone)

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21
Q

Stimulates the Sertoli cell for spermatogenesis

A

FSH

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22
Q

Stimulates the Leydig cells to secrete testosterone

A

LH

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23
Q

Testosterone vs Dihydrotestosterone
Buzz words: hair, baldness, sebaceous glands, penis, scrotum, prostate = dihydrotestosterone
All others caused by testosterone

A
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24
Q

What is responsible for sperm production?

A

seminiferous tubules

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25
What is responsible for sperm maturation and motility?
epididymis
26
What is responsible for sperm storage?
Vas deferens
27
What is responsible for sperm nutrition (fructose and prostaglandins)?
seminal vesicle
28
What is responsible for semen alkalinity (spermine)
prostate gland
29
What is the function of the bulbourethral gland/Cowper's glands?
supplies mucus
30
Trace the path of the semen:
``` SEVEN UP (Think: it's usually up by 7AM to remember the mnemonic) Seminiferous tubules Epididymis Vas deferens Ejaculatory ducts (Nothing) Urethra Penis ```
31
What is the temperature of the testes?
1-2 degrees celcius cooler than body temperature
32
What is responsible for the temperature in the testes?
countercurrent exchange of the testicular vessels
33
What is the duration of spermatogenesis?
64 days
34
What is the sperm production per day?
128 million
35
Activation of sperm in the female genital tract for 4-6 hours is called:
Capacitation
36
What is the enzyme that converts androstenedione to testosterone?
17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
37
What is the enzyme that converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone?
5 alpha reductase
38
What is the 5 alpha reductase inhibitor used for male pattern baldness and BPH?
Finasteride
39
What is responsible for erection?
parasympathetic stimulation (uses Nitric oxide aside from Ach)
40
What do you call the movement of semen from the vas deferens ampulla to the internal urethra?
Emission
41
What do you call the movement of semen from the internal urethra to the environment?
Ejaculation
42
After ejaculation, sexual excitement disappears for 1-2 minutes, this is called:
Resolution
43
Cell which determines the sex of the baby:
Sperm cell
44
Part of the sperm cell that contains hyaluronidase, proteolytic enzymes
Acrosome
45
Acrosome comes from which organelle?
Golgi apparatus
46
Definition of low sperm count
47
Sequelae of cryptorchidism
Infertility, testicular CA
48
The effect of this is loss of body hair, musculature, thick bones, decreased libido
Castration after puberty
49
Vestigial remnant of 3rd eye; secretes melatonin which is involved in reproduction and sex drive
Pineal gland
50
Ovum surrounded by single layer of granulosa cells, which provides nourishment to ovum and secretes inhibiting factor to keep ovum in prophase
Primordial follicle
51
Part of the primary follicle that secretes estrogen and progesterone
Theca interna
52
Part of the primary follicle that becomes the capsule of the follice
Theca externa
53
The size of a mature follicle
1 - 1.5cm
54
LH surge causes increase in follicular size, decreased estrogen and increased progesterone leading to:
Ovulation
55
What causes the expulsion of the ovum?
Theca externa releases proteolytic enzymes causing wall swelling and rupture
56
What forms the corpus luteum?
Granulosa cells and theca cells luteinized to form luteal cells which become the corpus luteum
57
Form of estrogen secreted by the adrenal cortex and theca cella, seen in post-menopause
Estrone
58
Form of estrogen secreted by the ovaries, seen during reproductive years
Estradiol
59
Form of estrogen secreted by the placenta, seen during pregnancy
Estriol
60
Enzyme that catalyzes conversion of androstenedione to estrone and testosterone --> estradiol
Aromatase
61
Estrogen vs Progesterone: | lowers uterine threshold to contractile stimuli
Estrogen
62
Estrogen vs Progesterone: | raises uterine threshold to contractile stimuli during pregnancy
Progesterone
63
Estrogen vs Progesterone: | Inhibits osteoclasts
Estrogen
64
What is the normal length of the menstrual cycle?
28 +/- 7 days
65
What phase of the menstrual and endometrial cycle does estrogen predominate?
Follicular phase, Proliferative phase
66
What phase of the menstrual and endometrial cycle does progesterone predominate?
Luteal phase, Secretory phase
67
What causes menstruation?
Cessation of progesterone
68
During menstruation, levels of estrogen, progesterone, FSH and LH are all:
Decreased
69
During the follicular phase, which hormones increase and which decrease?
Estrogen, FSH: increase | Progesterone, LH: decrease
70
During ovulation, female hormones increase except:
Progesterone (estrogen, FSH, LH decrease)
71
During luteal phase, female hormones decrease except:
Progesterone (estrogen, FSH, LH increase)
72
Produced by ovarian granulosa cell and inhibits FSH secretion from anterior pituitary
Inhibin
73
Produced by ovarian granulosa cell and stimulates FSH secretion from anterior pituitary
Activin
74
Average age menarche and menopause
Menarche: 13 y/o Menopause: 45 y/o
75
Number of lifetime mature follicles
400 follicles
76
Peak of sexual desire
Just before ovulation
77
Fertilized ovum implanting on uterus
Blastocyst
78
Pregnancy: Egg has ____ hours to be fertilized
24 hours
79
Pregnancy: Sperm has ____ days to fertilize the egg
1-5 days
80
Pregnancy: normal site of fertilization
Ampulla of oviduct
81
Cells of the blastocysts that digests and liquefies the endometrium for invasion
Trophoblast | Cytotrophoblast - inner; Syncitiotrophoblast - outer
82
Nutrient-rich endometrium invaded by trophoblasts
Decidua
83
Hormone produced by the syncitiotrophoblast that rescues the corpus luteum
B-HCG
84
Growth hormone of pregnancy; index of placental well-being; promotes insulin resistance in the mother
Human chorionic somatomammotropin/ Human placental lactogen

Physiology (13 decks)

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