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Physiology > Endocrine Physiology > Flashcards

Endocrine Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

G-protein-coupled receptors:

GTP is stimulated by: _________ and inhibited by _________ and __________

A

Stimulated by Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs)

Inhibited by GTPase-accelerating proteins (GAPs) and RGS proteins (regulation of G protein signaling)

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2
Q

Signal transduction systems used by all hypothalamic hormones except CRH:

A

IP3/DAG

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3
Q

Signal transduction system used by:

ADH (V2 receptor: collecting duct of kidneys)

A

cAMP

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4
Q

Signal transduction system used by:

ADH (V1 receptor: blood vessels)

A

IP3/DAG

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5
Q

Signal transduction system used by:

Leptin, IGF-1, Insulin, EPO, GH, Prolactin

A

Tyrosine kinase

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6
Q

Signal transduction system used by:

ANP, EDRF, nitric oxide

A

cGMP

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7
Q 
Signal transduction system used by:
Angiotensin II (epithelial cells)
A

cAMP

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8
Q 
Signal transduction system used by:
Angiotensin II (vascular smooth muscle)
A

IP3/DAG

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9
Q

Signal transduction system used by:

Catecholamines (B1 and B2 receptors)

A

cAMP

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10
Q

Signal transduction system used by:

Catecholamines (A1 receptors)

A

IP3/DAG

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11
Q

Signal transduction system used by:

CRH

A

cAMP

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12
Q

Signal transduction system used by:

Glucagon, Somatostatin, PTH, HCG, Calcitonin, ACTH, LH, FSH, TSH, secretin

A

cAMP

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13
Q

Signal transduction system used by:

GnRH, TRH, GHRH, oxytocin

A

IP3/DAG

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14
Q

Transport of steroid hormone

A

Bound to proteins

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15
Q

Active form of steroid hormones

A

Free, unbound form

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16
Q

Main site of inactivation of hormones

A

Liver

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17
Q

Mechanism for removal of hormones

A

Liver, kidneys

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18
Q

Number of hormone receptors - constant or variable?

A

Variable

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19
Q

Minimum amount of hormone to produce effect

A

1 picogram per mL

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20
Q

Onset of hormone effects

A

seconds to months

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21
Q

What type of hormone interaction?

Epinephrine and NE on the heart

A

Synergistic, additive (simultaneous, same effect)

22
Q

What type of hormone interaction?

FSH and testosterone effects on spermatogenesis

A

Synergistic, complementary (different time, same effect)

23
Q

What type of hormone interaction?

Cortisol on Epinephrine and NE on blood vessels

A

Permissive

24
Q

What type of hormone interaction?

T3 on epinephrine on lipolysis

A

Permissive

25
Q

What type of hormone interaction?

Estrogen on prolactin effects on the breasts during pregnancy

A

Antagonistic

26
Q

Hormone has biologic actions that directly or indirectly inhibit further secretion of the hormone

A

Negative feedback

27
Q

Hormone has biologic actions that directly or indirectly stimulate further secretion of the hormone

A

Positive feedback

28
Q

Give an example of negative feedback that does not utilize the HPA:

29
Q

Give 3 examples of positive feedback involving hormones:

A
  1. Estrogen induced LH and FSH surge
  2. Oxytocin during labor
  3. Oxytocin during lactation
30
Q

Decrease in receptor number or receptor affinity by decreased synthesis, increased degradation or inactivation

A

Down-regulation

31
Q

Increase in receptor number or receptor affinity by increased synthesis, decreased degradation or inactivation

A

Up-regulation

32
Q

The pituitary gland lies in the sella turcica, and connected to the ______ of the hypothalamus via pituitary/hypophysial stalk

A

median eminence

33
Q

Transmit hypothalamic hormones to the pituitary without passing through the systemic circulation

A

Hypothalamic-hypophysial portal blood vessels

34
Q

The anterior pituitary is derived from the:

A

oral ectoderm (Rathke’s pouch)

35
Q

FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH and MSH are what kind of cells?

A

basophilic cells

36
Q

GH and prolactin are what kind of cells?

A

acidophilic cells

37
Q

The posterior pituitary is derived from the:

A

neural ectoderm (neural outgrowth of the hypothalamus)

38
Q

Hormones from the posterior pituitary (pituicytes):

A

Vasopressin, oxytocin

39
Q

If the pituitary stalk is damaged, all anterior pituitary hormones would decrease, except:

40
Q

In terms of number, what are the top 2 cells in the anterior pituitary?

A

Somatotropes (40%), Corticotropes (20%)

41
Q

What are the “3 families” of hormones in the anterior pituitary?

A

TSH, LH, FSH (same alpha unit, unique beta unit)
MSH, ACTH (derived from POMC)
GH, Prolactin

42
Q

Growth hormone is release in pulsatile fashion every __ hours

43
Q

Nocturnal peak of growth hormone is:

A

1 hour after stage 3 or 4 sleep

44
Q

Differentiate somatotropin from somatostatin from somatomedin

A

Somatotropin: growth hormone
Somatostatin: stops growth hormone
Somatomedin: IGF-1

45
Q

What are the direct actions of Growth hormone?

A
  1. Increases blood glucose levels
  2. Increased protein deposition in muscles and other tissue
  3. Increased lipolysis
  4. Increased IGF-1 production
  5. Possible anti-aging effects
46
Q

What is the indirect action of growth hormone (via IGF-1)?

A

Increases bone length and bone thickness

47
Q

Secretion of growth hormone requires normal plasma levels of what hormone?

A

Thyroid hormone

48
Q

Achondroplasia is the most common cause of dwarfism. It is caused by a defect in:

A

FGF receptor 3

49
Q

Stimulates milk production by synthesis of lactose, casein, lipids; inhibits ovulation or spermatogenesis by decreasing GnRH; stimulates breast development during puberty and pregnancy

50
Q

What is one possible side effect of anti-psychotic drugs that involve prolactin?

A

Amenorrhea-Galactorrhea

51
Q

What stimulates prolactin?

A

Pregnancy (estrogen), breast feeding

52
Q

What inhibits prolactin?

A

Dopamine, bromocriptine

Physiology (13 decks)

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