Sensory, Perceptual, Development In Infancy Flashcards
This occurs when information interacts with the sensory receptors—the eyes, ears, tongue, nostrils, and skin
Sensation
It is the interpretation of what is sensed
Perception
According to this theoretical view, we directly perceive information that exists in the world around us.
Perception brings us into contact with the environment in order to interact with and adapt to it
Eleanor and James Gibson’s Ecological View
Objects have ______, which are opportunities for interaction offered by objects that fit within our capabilities to perform activities
Affordances
Through this development, children become more efficient at discovering and using affordances
Perceptual Development
At birth, the nerves and muscles and lens of the eye are still developing; meaning
Newborns cannot see small things that are far away
Vision scale of Newborn and at 6 months:
- Newborn: 20/240 on the Snellen chart
- 6 Months: 20/40
Infants spend more time looking at their ______ than a stranger’s face as early as 12 hours after being born.
Mother’s face
By 3 months, infants match _____
Voices to faces
Infants’ Color Vision at 4-8 weeks and 4 months
At 4-8 weeks: Infanrs can discriminate some colors (black, red, white)
At 4 months, they have color preferences
This is when sensory stimulation is changing but perception of the physical world remains constant.
Its development allows infants to perceive their world as stable.
Perceptual Constancy
The object remains the same even though the retinal image of the object changes as you move toward or away from the object
Size Constancy
The recognition that an object remains the same even though its orientation to us changes
Shape Constancy
Knowing something is there even when it’s hidden
Perception of Occluded Objects
Learning, experience, and self-directed exploration via _____ play key roles in the development of perceptual completion in young infants.
Eye movements
Progression of Perception of Occluded Objects in 1-2, 2, 3-5, 5-9 months
- 1-2 months: infants don’t perceive occluded objects as complete, instead only perceiving what is visible
- 2 months: infants develop the ability to perceive that occluded objects are whole
- 3-5 months: infants develop the ability to track briefly occluded moving objects
- 5-9 months: infants are able to accurately predict moving objects that disappear gradually
What is Depth Perception?
It is when young infants respond to differences in some visual characteristics of the deep and shallow cliffs, with no actual knowledge of depth.
Fine-detail depth perception is called
Stereoacuity
In hearing, this refers to when infants cannot hear soft sounds immediately after birth
Loudness
In hearing, it is the perception of the frequency of a sound.
Pitch
Infants are less sensitive to the pitch of a sound. They are more likely to hear _____ sounds.
High-pitched
In hearing, it is detecting where the sound is coming from.
Localization
Newborns are able to determine the general localization of a sound, however, by 6 months of age, they’re more proficient at doing so.
Touch, Smell, Taste:
- Newborns respond to touch and are able to feel pain.
- Newborns are able to differentiate odors, however, require several days of experience from birth to be able to recognize odors.
- Sensitivity to taste might be present even before birth. At four months, infants begin to prefer salty tastes.
It involves integrating information from two or more sensory modalities
Intermodal Perception
Nativists vs Empiricists
Nativists: The ability to perceive the world in a competent, organized manner is inborn or innate.
Empiricists: Emphasize learning & experience
- Action can guide perception, and perception can guide action
- Children perceive in order to move and move in order to perceive
Perceptual-Motor Coupling
Infants’ perceptual-motor development is prescribed by a genetic plan to follow a:
Fixed and sequential progression of stages in development
A method developed by Robert Fantz to determine whether infants can distinguish one stimulus from another by measuring the length of time they attend to different stimuli
Visual Preference Method
Habituation vs Dishabituation
Habituation is the name given to decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations of the stimulus.
Dishabituation is the recovery of a habituated response after a change in stimulation
To assess an infant’s attention to sound, researchers often use a method called _____. In this method, infants are given a nonnutritive nipple to suck, and the nipple is connected to a sound-generating system. Babies suck more when exposed to a new sound, but begin to suck less when they get used to the sound.
High-amplitude sucking
A technique that can be used to determine whether an infant can see or hear is the _____, which involves turning one’s head toward a sight or sound.
Orienting response
In which infants are more likely to distinguish between faces to which they have been exposed to than faces that they have never seen before
Perceptual Narrowing
It is the systematic, meaningful arrangement of symbols.
It provides the basis for communication.
Language
It refers to the basic sounds of language (phonemes) that can be combined to produce words and sentences.
Phonology
It is the smallest language unit that has meaning.
They can be complete words, or additional information in interpreting words (-s, -ed additions to words)
Morphemes
Rules that govern the meaning of words and sentences
Semantics
Linguistic Comprehension vs Linguistic Production
Linguistic Comprehension: understanding of speech
Linguistic Production: use of language to communicate
The most obvious manifestation of prelinguistic communication
Infants repeat the same vowel sound over and over
Babbling
