Sensory, Perceptual, Development In Infancy

Question 1

This occurs when information interacts with the sensory receptors—the eyes, ears, tongue, nostrils, and skin

Answer 1

Sensation

Question 2

It is the interpretation of what is sensed

Answer 2

Perception

Question 3

According to this theoretical view, we directly perceive information that exists in the world around us.

Perception brings us into contact with the environment in order to interact with and adapt to it

Answer 3

Eleanor and James Gibson’s Ecological View

Question 4

Objects have ______, which are opportunities for interaction offered by objects that fit within our capabilities to perform activities

Answer 4

Affordances

Question 5

Through this development, children become more efficient at discovering and using affordances

Answer 5

Perceptual Development

Question 6

At birth, the nerves and muscles and lens of the eye are still developing; meaning

Answer 6

Newborns cannot see small things that are far away

Question 7

Vision scale of Newborn and at 6 months:

Answer 7

• Newborn: 20/240 on the Snellen chart
• 6 Months: 20/40

Question 8

Infants spend more time looking at their ______ than a stranger’s face as early as 12 hours after being born.

Answer 8

Mother’s face

Question 9

By 3 months, infants match _____

Answer 9

Voices to faces

Question 10

Infants’ Color Vision at 4-8 weeks and 4 months

Answer 10

At 4-8 weeks: Infanrs can discriminate some colors (black, red, white)

At 4 months, they have color preferences

Question 11

This is when sensory stimulation is changing but perception of the physical world remains constant.

Its development allows infants to perceive their world as stable.

Answer 11

Perceptual Constancy

Question 12

The object remains the same even though the retinal image of the object changes as you move toward or away from the object

Answer 12

Size Constancy

Question 13

The recognition that an object remains the same even though its orientation to us changes

Answer 13

Shape Constancy

Question 14

Knowing something is there even when it’s hidden

Answer 14

Perception of Occluded Objects

Question 15

Learning, experience, and self-directed exploration via _____ play key roles in the development of perceptual completion in young infants.

Answer 15

Eye movements

Question 16

Progression of Perception of Occluded Objects in 1-2, 2, 3-5, 5-9 months

Answer 16

• 1-2 months: infants don’t perceive occluded objects as complete, instead only perceiving what is visible
• 2 months: infants develop the ability to perceive that occluded objects are whole
• 3-5 months: infants develop the ability to track briefly occluded moving objects
• 5-9 months: infants are able to accurately predict moving objects that disappear gradually

Question 17

What is Depth Perception?

Answer 17

It is when young infants respond to differences in some visual characteristics of the deep and shallow cliffs, with no actual knowledge of depth.

Question 18

Fine-detail depth perception is called

Answer 18

Stereoacuity

Question 19

In hearing, this refers to when infants cannot hear soft sounds immediately after birth

Answer 19

Loudness

Question 20

In hearing, it is the perception of the frequency of a sound.

Answer 20

Pitch

Question 21

Infants are less sensitive to the pitch of a sound. They are more likely to hear _____ sounds.

Answer 21

High-pitched

Question 22

In hearing, it is detecting where the sound is coming from.

Answer 22

Localization

Newborns are able to determine the general localization of a sound, however, by 6 months of age, they’re more proficient at doing so.

Question 23

Touch, Smell, Taste:

Answer 23

• Newborns respond to touch and are able to feel pain.
• Newborns are able to differentiate odors, however, require several days of experience from birth to be able to recognize odors.
• Sensitivity to taste might be present even before birth. At four months, infants begin to prefer salty tastes.

Question 24

It involves integrating information from two or more sensory modalities

Answer 24

Intermodal Perception

Question 25

Nativists vs Empiricists

Answer 25

Nativists: The ability to perceive the world in a competent, organized manner is inborn or innate.

Empiricists: Emphasize learning & experience

Question 26

• Action can guide perception, and perception can guide action
• Children perceive in order to move and move in order to perceive

Answer 26

Perceptual-Motor Coupling

Question 27

Infants’ perceptual-motor development is prescribed by a genetic plan to follow a:

Answer 27

Fixed and sequential progression of stages in development

Question 28

A method developed by Robert Fantz to determine whether infants can distinguish one stimulus from another by measuring the length of time they attend to different stimuli

Answer 28

Visual Preference Method

Question 29

Habituation vs Dishabituation

Answer 29

Habituation is the name given to decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations of the stimulus.

Dishabituation is the recovery of a habituated response after a change in stimulation

Question 30

To assess an infant’s attention to sound, researchers often use a method called _____. In this method, infants are given a nonnutritive nipple to suck, and the nipple is connected to a sound-generating system. Babies suck more when exposed to a new sound, but begin to suck less when they get used to the sound.

Answer 30

High-amplitude sucking

Question 31

A technique that can be used to determine whether an infant can see or hear is the _____, which involves turning one’s head toward a sight or sound.

Answer 31

Orienting response

Question 32

In which infants are more likely to distinguish between faces to which they have been exposed to than faces that they have never seen before

Answer 32

Perceptual Narrowing

Question 33

It is the systematic, meaningful arrangement of symbols.

It provides the basis for communication.

Answer 33

Language

Question 34

It refers to the basic sounds of language (phonemes) that can be combined to produce words and sentences.

Answer 34

Phonology

Question 35

It is the smallest language unit that has meaning.

They can be complete words, or additional information in interpreting words (-s, -ed additions to words)

Answer 35

Morphemes

Question 36

Rules that govern the meaning of words and sentences

Answer 36

Semantics

Question 37

Linguistic Comprehension vs Linguistic Production

Answer 37

Linguistic Comprehension: understanding of speech

Linguistic Production: use of language to communicate

Question 38

The most obvious manifestation of prelinguistic communication

Infants repeat the same vowel sound over and over

Answer 38

Babbling