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OT 102 > Introduction to the Development of Human Occupation > Flashcards

Introduction to the Development of Human Occupation Flashcards

1
Q
  • Pattern of change that begins at conception and continues through the lifespan
  • Involves growth and decline brought on by aging or dying
A

Development

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2
Q

3 Domains of Development

A
  1. Physical

Growth of the body and its organs, Functioning of physiological systems, Physical signs of aging, Changes in motor abilities

  1. Cognitive

Changes and continuities in perception, language, learning, memory, problem-solving, and other mental processes

  1. Psychosocial

*Changes in motives, emotions, personal traits, intrapersonal skills, relationships, and roles played in the family and in larger society *

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3
Q

An approach to understanding human development that takes into account the entire course of life

A

Lifespan Perspective

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4
Q

The Lifespan Perspective emphasizes that development as a lifelong process involves:

A
  • Growth
  • Maintenance
  • Decline
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5
Q

Development is influenced by _____________ and considers the interactions between these factors across different stages of life.

A

a combination of biological, psychological, and social factors

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6
Q

5 Characteristics of the Lifespan Perspective:

A
  1. Contextual
  2. Lifelong
  3. Multidimensional
  4. Multidirectional
  5. Plastic
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7
Q

Characteristic of Lifespan Perspective

Development occurs within a context or setting influenced by historical, economic, social, and cultural factors

A

From the lifetime perspective, development is CONTEXTUAL

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8
Q

Contexts exert 3 types of influences:

A
  1. Normative age-graded influences

Similar for individuals in a particular age group

  1. Normative history-graded influences

Common to people of a particular generation because of historical circumstances

  1. Nonnormative life events

Unique occurrences that have a major impact on the lives of individual people

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9
Q

Characteristic of Lifespan Perspective

No age period dominates development

A

From the lifetime perspective, development is LIFELONG

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10
Q

Characteristic of Lifespan Perspective

No matter what one’s age may be, the body, mind, emotions, and relationships are changing and affecting each other

A

From the lifetime perspective, development is MULTIDIMENSIONAL

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11
Q

Characteristic of Lifespan Perspective

  • Human development is not linear; there will be gains and losses
  • Some dimensions or components of a dimension expand ( = growth) or shrink ( = decline)
A

From the lifetime perspective, development is MULTIDIRECTIONAL

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12
Q

Characteristic of Lifespan Perspective

  • The capacity to change in response to experience, whether positive or negative
  • Human beings are capable of being adaptive in response to experiences positively or negatively
A

From the lifetime perspective, development is PLASTIC

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13
Q

8 Periods of Development:

A

P-I-E M-A-E M-L

  • Prenatal: Conception to birth
  • Infancy: Birth to 18-24 months (Birth to 2 years*
  • Early childhood: 3-5 years
  • Middle & late childhood: 6-10/11 years
  • Adolescence:
    (EA) 10-12
    (MA) 12-18
    (LA) 18-21
  • Early adulthood: 20s and 30s
  • Middle adulthood: 40s and 50s
  • Late adulthood: 60s & 70s to death
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14
Q

They provide a framework for each stage for each dimension of development

A

Theories of Development

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15
Q

What is Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Cognitive Theory?

A
  • This theory suggests that cognitive development is inseparable from sociocultural context
  • Learning and development occur through social interactions and the use of cultural tools (eg language, technology, writing)
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16
Q

A zone where learners can perform tasks or activities with the help of a more experienced individual

A

Zone of Proximal Development

17
Q

What is Skinner’s Operant Conditioning?

A
  • It highlights the importance of environmental consequences in influencing and modifying behaviors.
  • Behavior is influenced by its positive or negative consequences.
18
Q

These provide consequences that increase the likelihood of a behavior.

A

Reinforcement

19
Q

Positive Reinforcement vs Negative Reinforcement

A

Positive Reinforcement: Adds positive stimulus to strengthen behavior

Negative Reinforcement: Removes aversive/undesirable stimulus to strengthen behavior

20
Q

It weakens behavior through providing consequences

A

Punishment

21
Q

Positive Punishment vs Negative Punishment

A

Positive Punishment: Adding negative stimulus to weaken behavior

Negative Punishment: Removing pleasant stimuli to weaken behavior

22
Q

What is Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory?

A
  • It emphasizes the importance of observational learning, modeling, and cognitive processes in shaping behavior.
  • Learning does not necessarily mean behavior changes
23
Q

Steps in Observational Learning:

A
  1. Paying attention to a model
  2. Retaining observation in memory
  3. Imitating it
24
Q

Individuals learn by imitation

A

Modeling

25
Q

Individuals or characters that observers look up to

A

Models

26
Q

What is the Ethological Theory?

A
  • Focuses on the evolutionary and biological influences on behavior
  • Claims that our behavior is part of our biological structure
27
Q
  • Form of rapid learning that occurs during development
  • The organism is attached to a specific object–often its parent or caregiver–leading to the imitation of their behavior
A

Imprinting

28
Q

What is Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Theory?

A

Emphasizes the complexity and interconnectedness of the various environments in which individuals develop

29
Q

5 Realms of Ecological Theory:

A

Bottom to up

Chronosystems
- Dimension of time and historical events that also contribute to developmental processes and changes in a person’s life

Macrosystem
- Encompasses the larger, cultural, and societal aspects
- Influences other systems and shapes the overall context of development

Exosystem
- External environments that indirectly impact an individual’s development
- Environments of other people that can influence microsystems and mesosystems

Mesosystems
- Connection between different microsystems

Microsystems
- The immediate environment of the individual
- Emphasizes direct and immediate interactions that influence an individual’s development

30
Q

What is Freud’s Psychosexual Development Theory?

A
  • It emphasizes the impact of early childhood experience in shaping their personality and behavior when they become adults
  • Outlines five stages of childhood development, each associated with a specific focus of pleasure and a key challenge
31
Q

What is Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory?

A
  • Highlights the importance of social interactions and the resolution of psychosocial conflicts in shaping an individual’s development and identity across the lifespan
  • Outlines *8 stages of human development each associated with a specific psychosocial conflict
32
Q

What is Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory?

A
  • Emphasizes the active role of individuals in constructing their understanding of the world through interactions with their environment
  • Has 4 stages of cognitive development emphasizing qualitative shifts in thinking that occurs
33
Q

Cognitive Development Theory stage

  • Birth-2 years
  • Infant learns about their world through sensory experiences and motor actions.
  • Object permanence.
A

Sensory Motor stage

34
Q

Cognitive Development Theory stage

  • 2-7 years
  • Children begin to use symbols and language to represent objects and ideas. Thinking is still very concrete or egocentric, and understanding of concepts is still limited.
  • Concrete thinking
A

Pre-operational stage

35
Q

Cognitive Development Theory stage

  • 7-11 years
  • More logical thinking and ability to perform mental operations on concrete events or objects are developed. Difficulty with abstract thinking is still present.
  • Inductive reasoning is formed.
A

Concrete Operational stage

36
Q

Cognitive Development Theory stage

  • 12 years and above
  • Child develops Abstract Thinking, hypothetical reasoning, and can now think systematically about abstract concepts and engage in Deductive Reasoning.
A

Formal Operational stage

37
Q

Essential concepts of human development:

A
  • Continuity vs Dicontinuity
  • Nature vs Nurture
  • Multidimensional vs Systemic
  • Plastic

OT 102 (10 decks)

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