Introduction to the Development of Human Occupation Flashcards
- Pattern of change that begins at conception and continues through the lifespan
- Involves growth and decline brought on by aging or dying
Development
3 Domains of Development
- Physical
Growth of the body and its organs, Functioning of physiological systems, Physical signs of aging, Changes in motor abilities
- Cognitive
Changes and continuities in perception, language, learning, memory, problem-solving, and other mental processes
- Psychosocial
*Changes in motives, emotions, personal traits, intrapersonal skills, relationships, and roles played in the family and in larger society *
An approach to understanding human development that takes into account the entire course of life
Lifespan Perspective
The Lifespan Perspective emphasizes that development as a lifelong process involves:
- Growth
- Maintenance
- Decline
Development is influenced by _____________ and considers the interactions between these factors across different stages of life.
a combination of biological, psychological, and social factors
5 Characteristics of the Lifespan Perspective:
- Contextual
- Lifelong
- Multidimensional
- Multidirectional
- Plastic
Characteristic of Lifespan Perspective
Development occurs within a context or setting influenced by historical, economic, social, and cultural factors
From the lifetime perspective, development is CONTEXTUAL
Contexts exert 3 types of influences:
- Normative age-graded influences
Similar for individuals in a particular age group
- Normative history-graded influences
Common to people of a particular generation because of historical circumstances
- Nonnormative life events
Unique occurrences that have a major impact on the lives of individual people
Characteristic of Lifespan Perspective
No age period dominates development
From the lifetime perspective, development is LIFELONG
Characteristic of Lifespan Perspective
No matter what one’s age may be, the body, mind, emotions, and relationships are changing and affecting each other
From the lifetime perspective, development is MULTIDIMENSIONAL
Characteristic of Lifespan Perspective
- Human development is not linear; there will be gains and losses
- Some dimensions or components of a dimension expand ( = growth) or shrink ( = decline)
From the lifetime perspective, development is MULTIDIRECTIONAL
Characteristic of Lifespan Perspective
- The capacity to change in response to experience, whether positive or negative
- Human beings are capable of being adaptive in response to experiences positively or negatively
From the lifetime perspective, development is PLASTIC
8 Periods of Development:
P-I-E M-A-E M-L
- Prenatal: Conception to birth
- Infancy: Birth to 18-24 months (Birth to 2 years*
- Early childhood: 3-5 years
- Middle & late childhood: 6-10/11 years
-
Adolescence:
(EA) 10-12
(MA) 12-18
(LA) 18-21 - Early adulthood: 20s and 30s
- Middle adulthood: 40s and 50s
- Late adulthood: 60s & 70s to death
They provide a framework for each stage for each dimension of development
Theories of Development
What is Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Cognitive Theory?
- This theory suggests that cognitive development is inseparable from sociocultural context
- Learning and development occur through social interactions and the use of cultural tools (eg language, technology, writing)
A zone where learners can perform tasks or activities with the help of a more experienced individual
Zone of Proximal Development
What is Skinner’s Operant Conditioning?
- It highlights the importance of environmental consequences in influencing and modifying behaviors.
- Behavior is influenced by its positive or negative consequences.
These provide consequences that increase the likelihood of a behavior.
Reinforcement
Positive Reinforcement vs Negative Reinforcement
Positive Reinforcement: Adds positive stimulus to strengthen behavior
Negative Reinforcement: Removes aversive/undesirable stimulus to strengthen behavior
It weakens behavior through providing consequences
Punishment
Positive Punishment vs Negative Punishment
Positive Punishment: Adding negative stimulus to weaken behavior
Negative Punishment: Removing pleasant stimuli to weaken behavior
What is Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory?
- It emphasizes the importance of observational learning, modeling, and cognitive processes in shaping behavior.
- Learning does not necessarily mean behavior changes
Steps in Observational Learning:
- Paying attention to a model
- Retaining observation in memory
- Imitating it
Individuals learn by imitation
Modeling
Individuals or characters that observers look up to
Models
What is the Ethological Theory?
- Focuses on the evolutionary and biological influences on behavior
- Claims that our behavior is part of our biological structure
- Form of rapid learning that occurs during development
- The organism is attached to a specific object–often its parent or caregiver–leading to the imitation of their behavior
Imprinting
What is Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Theory?
Emphasizes the complexity and interconnectedness of the various environments in which individuals develop
5 Realms of Ecological Theory:
Bottom to up
Chronosystems
- Dimension of time and historical events that also contribute to developmental processes and changes in a person’s life
Macrosystem
- Encompasses the larger, cultural, and societal aspects
- Influences other systems and shapes the overall context of development
Exosystem
- External environments that indirectly impact an individual’s development
- Environments of other people that can influence microsystems and mesosystems
Mesosystems
- Connection between different microsystems
Microsystems
- The immediate environment of the individual
- Emphasizes direct and immediate interactions that influence an individual’s development
What is Freud’s Psychosexual Development Theory?
- It emphasizes the impact of early childhood experience in shaping their personality and behavior when they become adults
- Outlines five stages of childhood development, each associated with a specific focus of pleasure and a key challenge
What is Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory?
- Highlights the importance of social interactions and the resolution of psychosocial conflicts in shaping an individual’s development and identity across the lifespan
- Outlines *8 stages of human development each associated with a specific psychosocial conflict
What is Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory?
- Emphasizes the active role of individuals in constructing their understanding of the world through interactions with their environment
- Has 4 stages of cognitive development emphasizing qualitative shifts in thinking that occurs
Cognitive Development Theory stage
- Birth-2 years
- Infant learns about their world through sensory experiences and motor actions.
- Object permanence.
Sensory Motor stage
Cognitive Development Theory stage
- 2-7 years
- Children begin to use symbols and language to represent objects and ideas. Thinking is still very concrete or egocentric, and understanding of concepts is still limited.
- Concrete thinking
Pre-operational stage
Cognitive Development Theory stage
- 7-11 years
- More logical thinking and ability to perform mental operations on concrete events or objects are developed. Difficulty with abstract thinking is still present.
- Inductive reasoning is formed.
Concrete Operational stage
Cognitive Development Theory stage
- 12 years and above
- Child develops Abstract Thinking, hypothetical reasoning, and can now think systematically about abstract concepts and engage in Deductive Reasoning.
Formal Operational stage
Essential concepts of human development:
- Continuity vs Dicontinuity
- Nature vs Nurture
- Multidimensional vs Systemic
- Plastic
