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OT 102 > Introduction to the Development of Human Occupation > Flashcards

Introduction to the Development of Human Occupation Flashcards

1
Q
  • Pattern of change that begins at conception and continues through the lifespan
  • Involves growth and decline brought on by aging or dying
A

Development

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2
Q

3 Domains of Development

A
  1. Physical

Growth of the body and its organs, Functioning of physiological systems, Physical signs of aging, Changes in motor abilities

  1. Cognitive

Changes and continuities in perception, language, learning, memory, problem-solving, and other mental processes

  1. Psychosocial

*Changes in motives, emotions, personal traits, intrapersonal skills, relationships, and roles played in the family and in larger society *

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3
Q

An approach to understanding human development that takes into account the entire course of life

A

Lifespan Perspective

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4
Q

The Lifespan Perspective emphasizes that development as a lifelong process involves:

A
  • Growth
  • Maintenance
  • Decline
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5
Q

Development is influenced by _____________ and considers the interactions between these factors across different stages of life.

A

a combination of biological, psychological, and social factors

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6
Q

5 Characteristics of the Lifespan Perspective:

A
  1. Contextual
  2. Lifelong
  3. Multidimensional
  4. Multidirectional
  5. Plastic
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7
Q

Characteristic of Lifespan Perspective

Development occurs within a context or setting influenced by historical, economic, social, and cultural factors

A

From the lifetime perspective, development is CONTEXTUAL

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8
Q

Contexts exert 3 types of influences:

A
  1. Normative age-graded influences

Similar for individuals in a particular age group

  1. Normative history-graded influences

Common to people of a particular generation because of historical circumstances

  1. Nonnormative life events

Unique occurrences that have a major impact on the lives of individual people

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9
Q

Characteristic of Lifespan Perspective

No age period dominates development

A

From the lifetime perspective, development is LIFELONG

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10
Q

Characteristic of Lifespan Perspective

No matter what one’s age may be, the body, mind, emotions, and relationships are changing and affecting each other

A

From the lifetime perspective, development is MULTIDIMENSIONAL

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11
Q

Characteristic of Lifespan Perspective

  • Human development is not linear; there will be gains and losses
  • Some dimensions or components of a dimension expand ( = growth) or shrink ( = decline)
A

From the lifetime perspective, development is MULTIDIRECTIONAL

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12
Q

Characteristic of Lifespan Perspective

  • The capacity to change in response to experience, whether positive or negative
  • Human beings are capable of being adaptive in response to experiences positively or negatively
A

From the lifetime perspective, development is PLASTIC

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13
Q

8 Periods of Development:

A

P-I-E M-A-E M-L

  • Prenatal: Conception to birth
  • Infancy: Birth to 18-24 months (Birth to 2 years*
  • Early childhood: 3-5 years
  • Middle & late childhood: 6-10/11 years
  • Adolescence:
    (EA) 10-12
    (MA) 12-18
    (LA) 18-21
  • Early adulthood: 20s and 30s
  • Middle adulthood: 40s and 50s
  • Late adulthood: 60s & 70s to death
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14
Q

They provide a framework for each stage for each dimension of development

A

Theories of Development

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15
Q

What is Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Cognitive Theory?

A
  • This theory suggests that cognitive development is inseparable from sociocultural context
  • Learning and development occur through social interactions and the use of cultural tools (eg language, technology, writing)
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16
Q

A zone where learners can perform tasks or activities with the help of a more experienced individual

A

Zone of Proximal Development

17
Q

What is Skinner’s Operant Conditioning?

A
  • It highlights the importance of environmental consequences in influencing and modifying behaviors.
  • Behavior is influenced by its positive or negative consequences.
18
Q

These provide consequences that increase the likelihood of a behavior.

A

Reinforcement

19
Q

Positive Reinforcement vs Negative Reinforcement

A

Positive Reinforcement: Adds positive stimulus to strengthen behavior

Negative Reinforcement: Removes aversive/undesirable stimulus to strengthen behavior

20
Q

It weakens behavior through providing consequences

A

Punishment

21
Q

Positive Punishment vs Negative Punishment

A

Positive Punishment: Adding negative stimulus to weaken behavior

Negative Punishment: Removing pleasant stimuli to weaken behavior

22
Q

What is Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory?

A
  • It emphasizes the importance of observational learning, modeling, and cognitive processes in shaping behavior.
  • Learning does not necessarily mean behavior changes
23
Q

Steps in Observational Learning:

A
  1. Paying attention to a model
  2. Retaining observation in memory
  3. Imitating it
24
Q

Individuals learn by imitation

25
**Individuals** or characters that **observers look up to**
Models
26
What is the **Ethological Theory**?
- Focuses on the **evolutionary and biological influences** on behavior - Claims that our behavior is **part of our biological structure**
27
- Form of rapid learning that occurs during development - The organism is **attached to a specific object**–often its **parent or caregiver**–leading to the **imitation** of their behavior
Imprinting
28
What is **Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Theory**?
Emphasizes the **complexity and interconnectedness** of the **various environments** in which individuals develop
29
5 Realms of Ecological Theory:
*Bottom to up* **Chronosystems** - Dimension of **time** and **historical events** that also contribute to developmental processes and changes in a person’s life **Macrosystem** - Encompasses the **larger, cultural, and societal** aspects - **Influences other systems** and shapes the **overall context** of development **Exosystem** - **External environments** that **indirectly impact** an individual’s development - **Environments of other people** that can influence microsystems and mesosystems **Mesosystems** - **Connection** between different **microsystems** **Microsystems** - The **immediate environment** of the individual - Emphasizes **direct and immediate interactions** that influence an individual’s development
30
What is **Freud's Psychosexual Development Theory?**
- It emphasizes the impact of **early childhood experience** in shaping their **personality and behavior** when they **become adults** - Outlines **five stages** of childhood development, each associated with a specific **focus of pleasure** and a **key challenge**
31
What is **Erikson's Psychosocial Theory**?
- Highlights the importance of **social interactions** and the **resolution of psychosocial conflicts** in shaping an individual's **development and identity** across the lifespan - Outlines ***8 stages of human development** each associated with a specific psychosocial conflict
32
What is **Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory**?
- Emphasizes the **active role** of individuals in constructing their **understanding of the world** through **interactions with their environment** - Has 4 stages of cognitive development emphasizing qualitative shifts in thinking that occurs
33
*Cognitive Development Theory stage* - Birth-2 years - Infant learns about their world through **sensory experiences** and **motor actions**. - **Object permanence**.
**Sensory Motor** stage
34
*Cognitive Development Theory stage* - 2-7 years - Children begin to use **symbols and language** to represent objects and ideas. Thinking is still very concrete or **egocentric**, and understanding of concepts is still limited. - **Concrete thinking**
**Pre-operational stage**
35
*Cognitive Development Theory stage* - 7-11 years - **More logical thinking** and ability to perform **mental operations** on concrete events or objects are developed. **Difficulty with abstract thinking** is still present. - **Inductive reasoning** is formed.
**Concrete Operational** stage
36
*Cognitive Development Theory stage* - 12 years and above - Child develops **Abstract Thinking**, hypothetical reasoning, and can now think systematically about abstract concepts and engage in **Deductive Reasoning**.
**Formal Operational** stage
37
Essential concepts of human development:
- Continuity vs Dicontinuity - Nature vs Nurture - Multidimensional vs Systemic - Plastic

OT 102 (10 decks)

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