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OT 102 > Motor Development in Infancy > Flashcards

Motor Development in Infancy Flashcards

1
Q

In Maturation, motor development follows a _____

A

Genetic plan: Infants and children develop motor skills in a fixed order and within specific time frames

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2
Q

According to this theory, infants assemble motor skills for perceiving and acting

To develop motor skills, infants must perceive something in the environment that motivates them to act and use their perceptions to fine-tune their movements, leading to creation of new motor behavior

A

Dynamic Systems Theory

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3
Q

Development of motor skills represent _____ to infant’s goals

A

Solutions

  • Infants modulate their movement patterns to fit a new tasks by exploring and selecting possible configurations
  • Motor development is when the infant actively puts together a skill to achieve a goal within the constraints set by the infant’s body and environment
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4
Q
  • Built-in reactions to stimuli
  • Govern newborn’s movements
  • Automatic and beyond control
A

Reflexes

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5
Q
  • Occurs when the infant’s cheek is stroked, or the side of the mouth is touched. The infant turns its head toward the side that was touched in an apparent effort to find something to suck.
  • Disappears at 3-4 months
A

Rooting Reflex

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6
Q
  • Occurs when newborns automatically suck an object placed in their mouth. This also serves as a self-soothing or self-regulating mechanism.
  • Most stop at 1 year old
A

Sucking Reflex

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7
Q
  • Startle reflex
  • The baby arches its back, throws back its head, and flings out its arms and legs. Then the newborn rapidly closes its arms and legs; has survival value
  • Disappears at 3-4 months
A

Moro Reflex

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8
Q
  • Occurs when something touches the infant’s palms. The infant responds by grasping tightly.
  • Disappears at 5-6 months
A

Grasp Reflex

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9
Q

Skills that involve large muscle activities

A

Gross Motor Skills

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10
Q

It is a dynamic process that is linked with sensory information in the skin, joints, and muscles; in vestibular organs in the inner ear that regulate balance and equilibrium; and in vision and hearing

A

Posture

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11
Q

Development of Posture over 2 months, 6-7 months, 8-9 months, and 10-12 months:

A
  • 2 months: Sit with support
  • 6-7 months: Sit independently
  • 8-9 months: Learning to pull themselves to a standing position with support
  • 10-12 months: Stand independently
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12
Q

In learning to walk, what is the key skill to be learned?

A

Stabilizing on one leg long enough to swing the other forward and shifting the weight without falling

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13
Q

When learning to walk, why do infants take small steps?

A

Due to their

  • Limited balance control
  • Limited strength

Infants with larger steps = increased balance and strength

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14
Q

In learning to locomote, what do infants learn?

A

What kinds of places are safe for locomotion

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15
Q

The First Year: Motor Development Milestones

A
  1. Prone, lift head
  2. Prone, chest up, use arms for support
  3. Roll over
  4. Support some weight with legs
  5. Sit without support
  6. Sit with support
  7. Pull self to stand
  8. Walk using furniture for support
  9. Stand alone easily
  10. Walk alone easily
  • Some infants may not follow the standard sequence of motor accomplishments.
  • The timing of later milestones may vary by two to four months.
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16
Q

Development in Second Year:

Motor development is vital to the child’s _____

A
  • Toddlers become more motorically skilled and mobile.
  • Motor development is vital to the child’s competent development, and few restrictions, except for safety, should be placed on their adventures.
17
Q

Development at 13-18 months and 18-24 months

A

13 to 18 months:

  • Can pull a toy attached to a string
  • Use their hands and legs to climb up a number of steps

18 to 24 months:

  • Can walk quickly or run stiffly for a short distance,
  • Balance on their feet in a squat position,
  • Walk backwards without losing balance
  • Stand and kick a ball without falling
  • stand and throw a ball
  • jump in place.
18
Q

These involve finely tuned movements

A

Fine Motor Skills

19
Q

Fine Motor Skills @ 4 Months are cued by:

This is when infants do not need to see their own hands to reach for an object.

A
  • Cues from muscles, tendons, and joints, not sight of the limb
  • Guide reaching: infants do not need to see their own hands to reach for an object.
20
Q

In first two years, infants refine how they

A

Reach and grasp

21
Q

Grip with the whole hand

A

Palmer Grasp

22
Q

Grasp with their thumb and forefinger

A

Pincer Grasp

23
Q

Perceptual-motor coupling is necessary for the infant to coordinate grasping.

At 4 months, infant relies on _____ to determine how to grip an object

At 8 months, infant relies on _____ as a guide

A

Touch; Vision

24
Q

When infant is motivated by a challenge, they create new motor behavior.

Then the infant _____ their movements to make them smoother and more effective. This is achieved through repeated cycles of action and perception of the consequences of that action

A

Tunes / Tuning

25
Q

Motor Development Is _____

Opportunities for motor behavior involve the current status of a child’s body. Changes in infants’ bodies modify the nature of their motor behavior

A

Embodied

26
Q

Motor Development Is _____

Environmental circumstances can facilitate or restrict possibilities for motor behavior. Variations in the environment require infants to be flexible and adapt to these changing circumstances

A

Embedded

27
Q

Motor Development Is _____

Social and cultural contexts influence motor behavior. Caregivers play important roles in infants’ motor development. Cultures also vary in how much caregivers engage in behavior that stimulates and encourages infants’ and children’s motor development

A

Enculturated

28
Q

Motor Development Is _____

Motor development is not isolated from other aspects of development, and it contributes to infants’ and children’s development in other domains

A

Enabling

29
Q

Foundation of Gross Motor Skill Development

A

Postural Control

30
Q

Cultural Variations in Guiding Infants’ Motor Development:

A

Mothers in developing countries tend to stimulate their infants’ motor skills more than mothers in more developed countries; their infants often reach motor milestones earlier

31
Q

Infants’ development of a skill requires considerable _____

It is the ability to do what is necessary to attain life’s everyday goals

A

Behavioral flexibility

32
Q

It is an excellent context for studying problem solving in infants because it provides information about how infants plan to reach a goal.

A

Tool use

33
Q

An infant fans out its toes in response to a stroke on the outside of its foot

A

Babinski Reflex

OT 102 (10 decks)

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