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OT 102 > Physical Development In Infancy > Flashcards

Physical Development In Infancy Flashcards

1
Q

2 Patterns of Growth in Infancy:

A
  • Cephalocaudal pattern (top to bottom)
  • Proximodistal pattern (from center going outwards)
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2
Q

95% of full-term newborns are _____ long and weigh between _____

A

18 to 22 inches; 5 to 10 pounds

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3
Q

Newborns lose 5 to 7 percent of their body weight in the first several days of life. They’re able to gain the weight back once they’ve adjusted to ______

A

Feeding (sucking, swallowing, and digesting)

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4
Q

Once newborns have adjusted to their feeding, they _____

A

They grow rapidly

  • Gaining an average of 5 to 6 ounces per week in the first month.
  • Doubled birth weight by 4 months
  • Tripled birth weight by the first year.
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5
Q

Infant grows 1 inch per month in the first year of life. What happens to growth in the second year?

A

Growth slows considerably in the second year

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6
Q

The infant’s head should be protected from falls or other injuries and should never be shaken

This syndrome occurs when a baby’s brain swells and hemorrhages

A

Shaken Baby Syndrome

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7
Q

A newborn’s brain is _____ of its adult weight, while by 2 years old it is about _____ of its adult weight

A

25%; 75%

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8
Q

Area of the brain farthest from the spinal cord

A

Forebrain

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9
Q
  • It covers the forebrain like a wrinkled cap
  • Has two hemispheres (left and right hemisphere)
A

Cerebral cortex

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10
Q

Each hemisphere has __________, which work together but serve different functions

A

Four lobes

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11
Q

Function of lobe:

  • Voluntary movement
  • Intentionality or purpose
  • Thinking
  • Personality
A

Frontal Lobe

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12
Q

Function of lobe:

  • Vision
A

Occipital Lobe

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13
Q

Function of lobe:

  • Hearing
  • Language processing
  • Memory
A

Temporal Lobe

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14
Q

Function of lobe:

  • Registering spatial location
  • Attention
  • Motor control
A

Parietal Lobe

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15
Q

It is the specialization of function in one hemisphere

  • Left hemisphere specializes in:
  • Right hemisphere specializes in:
  • Both hemispheres specialize in:
A

Lateralization

  • Left: Speech and grammar, more logical
  • Right: Humor and use of metaphors, more creative
  • Both: Complex functions
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16
Q

These send electrical and chemical signals in the brain

Also handle information processing

A

Neurons

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17
Q

Changes in Neurons

Carries signal away from the cell body

A

Axons

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18
Q

Changes in Neurons

Carries signal towards the cell body

A

Dendrites

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19
Q

Changes in Neurons

  • Encases the axons
  • Helps electrical signal travel faster down the axon
  • Provides energy to neurons and in communication
A

Myelin sheath

20
Q

Changes in Neurons

Release chemicals and neurotransmitters into synapses

A

Terminal buttons

21
Q

Changes in Neurons

  • Tiny gaps between neuron’s fibers
  • Where chemical interactions occur, which connect axons and dendrites and allow information to pass through neuron to neuron
A

Synapses

22
Q

Neurons change in two very significant ways during the first years of life:

A
  • Myelination: begins prenatally and continues after birth
  • Connectivity among neurons increases, creating new pathways
23
Q

Used Neuron Connections vs Unused Neuron Connections

A

Connections that are used become strengthened and survive, while the unused ones are replaced by other pathways or disappear.

24
Q

Changes in Regions of the Brain

Peak occurs at 4 months, followed by a gradual decline until the middle to the end of the preschool years

A

Visual cortex and hearing and language

25
Q

Changes in Regions of the Brain

It peaks at one year of age it is not until middle to late adolescence that the adult density of synapses is achieved

  • In charge of higher thinking and self-regulation
A

Prefrontal Cortex

26
Q

The infant’s brain depends on _____ to determine how connections are made.

A

Experience

After birth, the inflowing stream of sights, sounds, smells, touches, language, and eye contact help shape the brain’s neural connections.

27
Q

Newborns sleep approximately _____ hours a day, but this could range from 10 hours to 21 hours.

A

18

28
Q

By how old does an infant usually develop an adult-like sleeping pattern?

A

6 months

29
Q

The most common infant sleep-related problem

A

Night Waking

30
Q

Factors that Contribute to Night Waking:

A
  • Excessive parental involvement in sleep-related interactions
  • Intrinsic factors such as daytime crying and fussing
  • Extrinsic factors such as distress when separated from the mother, breast feeding, and sleeping with parents in their bed
31
Q

In this type of sleep, the eyes flutter beneath closed lids

A

REM Sleep

32
Q

In this type of sleep, eye movement does not occur and sleep is more quiet.

A

Non-REM Sleep

33
Q

Benefits of Shared Sleeping / Co-Sleeping:

A
  • Promotes breastfeeding
  • Quicker response to the baby’s cries
  • Allows the mother to detect potentially dangerous breathing pauses in the baby
34
Q

However, why does Task Force on Infant Positioning discourage shared sleeping?

A
  • Bed sharing increases the risk that the mother will roll over onto her baby
  • Increases the risk of sudden infant death syndrome
  • Shared sleeping is more risky, especially if caregivers are impaired by alcohol, smoking, or being overly tired
35
Q
  • A condition that occurs when infants stop breathing, usually during the night, and die suddenly without an apparent cause
  • Highest cause of infant death in the US
A

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

36
Q

American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) has recommended that infants be placed to sleep _____ to reduce the risk of SIDS.

A

On their backs

37
Q

It is a high risk for SIDS because it impairs the infant’s arousal from sleep and restricts the infant’s ability to swallow effectively

Sleeping on stomach

A

Prone Sleeping

38
Q

Risk factors for SIDS:

A
  1. Less likely in infants who use a pacifier to sleep
  2. Low birth weight
  3. Infants with siblings who have died from SIDS
  4. Infants with sleep apnea
  5. African American and Eskimo infants
  6. Lower socioeconomic groups
  7. Passively exposed to cigarette smoke
  8. Infants who sleep in soft bedding
  9. Less common in a bedroom with a fan
  10. Infants with abnormal brain stem functioning involving the neurotransmitter serotonin
39
Q

Nutritionists recommend that infants consume approximately _____ per day for each pound they weigh

A

50 calories

40
Q

Improved motor skills:

Change from suck and swallow to _____, and being fed by others to _____

A

Chew and swallow; self-feeding

41
Q

At 1 year old, infants are able to sit independently, chew, and swallow a range of textures. Infants need to have a diet that includes:

A

A variety of foods – especially fruits and vegetables.

42
Q

Benefits of Breast-feeding:

A

For the child:

▪ Fewer gastrointestinal infections
▪ Lower respiratory tract infections
▪ Protects against wheezing in babies
▪ Less likely to develop otitis media
▪ Less likely to develop atopic dermatitis
▪ Less likely to become overweight or obese in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood
▪ Less likely to develop type 1 diabetes in childhood and type 2 diabetes in adulthood
▪ Less likely to experience SIDS

For the mother:

▪ Lower incidence of breast cancer
▪ Reduction in ovarian cancer
▪ Small reduction in type 2 diabetes
▪ Lower incidence of metabolic syndrome

43
Q

Women less likely to breastfeed:

A
  • Full-time outside of the home
  • Mothers < 25
  • Mothers without a high school education
  • African American mothers
  • Mothers in low-income circumstances
44
Q

Circumstances wherein mother should not breastfeed:

A
  • Infected with HIV or other infectious diseases
  • Active tuberculosis
  • Taking any drug not safe for the infant
45
Q

Caused by severe protein-calorie deficiency and results in a wasting away of body tissues in the infant’s first year.

Deficiency of all macronutrients — protein, carbohydrates and fats

Child is skinny and frail all throughout

A

Marasmus

46
Q

Caused by severe protein deficient

Child is skinny but has a bloated stomach

A

Kwashiorkor

OT 102 (10 decks)

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