Sensory Neurons Flashcards by Morariu Miruna

What are sensory receptors?

Specialized cells that transduce, or convert
sensory energy into neural activity

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Receptors are energy ___________ and respond only to a ___________ band of energy

Receptors are energy filters and respond only to a narrow band of energy

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Describe the transduction of energy related to Audition.

Air pressure waves converted into mechanical energy, activates the
auditory receptor cells to produce AP

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Describe the transduction of energy related to Vision.

Light converted to chemical energy
in photoreceptors, and this is converted
into action potentials

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Describe the transduction of energy related to Somatosensory system.

Mechanical energy activates
mechanoreceptors which produce action
potentials

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What are receptive fields?

Specific part of the world to which a
sensory receptor responds to

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True or False: Communication between Neurons is CHEMICAL process not electrical

TRUE!

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What is the link between Receptor Density and Sensitivity?

Higher density of sensory receptors leads
to increased sensitivity (e.g.; Two-Point sensitivity and pitch discrimination)

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Where are photoreceptors located?

in the retina

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What are the two types of photoreceptors?

Rods and Cones

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What are Photoreceptors?

Receptor cells of vision

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Where are rods located?

Pheripheral Retina

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What are rods sensitive to?

Sensitive to dim light, night vision

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Where are cones located?

Densely packed in the fovea

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What are cones photoreceptors sensitive to?

Sensitive to bright light, day vision and color vision

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What occurs when we see an object?

Light rays pass through cornea, bended by the lens focused in retina and then transduced by photoceptors, bipolar neurons synapse with the retinal ganglion cells

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What is refraction in the visual process?

bending of light rays passing through cornea and lens bend (refract) light rays to focus them on the retina.

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What kind of vision defect can you suffer from a stroke?

Visual Field Defect

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How can visual field defect affect communication? (3)

Reading
Communication
identification of gestures

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What are the two main visual pathways?

Geniculostriate Pathway
Tectopulvinar Pathway

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Optic nerves leave each eye and cross at the_________

Optic nerves leave each eye and cross at the optic chiasm

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What portion of fibers from each eye cross at the optic chiasm?

But only half of fibers (nasal ½) from each eye cross

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What is the consequence of the the crossing at the optic chiasm in visual field perception?

The right half of each eye’s visual field is transmitted to the left hemisphere while the left half of each eye’s visual field is transmitted to the right hemisphere

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What is the order of the visual input transmission? (6)

Eye
Optic nerve
Optic Tract
LGN
Optic radiations
Primary Visual Cortex

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The optic tract relays the information afterwards to ?

LGN of the Thalamus

The LGN projects visual information to?

The primary visual cortex in the occipital lobes

What is another name for the primary visual cortex in the occipital lobes?

Striate cortex

What map type of does the primary visual cortex contains?

Retinotopic

What is another common name for the Geniculostriate Pathway? What does it mean?

The WHAT pathways, means it help us distinguish what things are.

What is another common name for the Tectopulvinar Pathway? What does it mean?

The WHERE pathways, means it help us distinguish where things are. Detects stimuli in space and helps orient us to stimuli

What is the retinotopic map of the visual field? (2)

mapping of visual input from the retina to neurons Map is upside down & inverted & reversed

What does the Geniculostriate pathway takes part of? (2)

Pattern recognition Conscious visual functions

The right visual field projects to the ______________ cortex

left visual cortex

The central visual field projects to the ______________ cortex

Peripheral visual cortex

The peripheral visual field projects to the ______________ cortex

medial cortex

The Upper visual field projects onto the ________________ cortex.

lower visual cortex

The lower visual field projects onto the ________________ cortex.

upper visual cortex

Describe Anopsia? (3)

Visual field deficits Primary Sensory Disorder Most Common after stroke

What visual deficit can result from damage in the occipital lobe or optic radiations?

Anopsia

In the tectopulvinar pathway, the optic nerve leaves the eye and projects to which colliculus?

Superior Colliculus

In the tectopulvinar pathway, pathway extends from superior colliculus to_______________ of the ___________

Pathway extends from superior colliculus to lateral posterior-pulvinar complex of the thalamus

In the tectopulvinar pathway, pathway extends from thalamus to other ______________ in __________and __________ lobes

Pathway extends from thalamus to other visual areas in temporal and parietal lobes

Clinical Example: A.S is cortically blind but is able make judgement about spatial location. A.S's condition is called:

Blindsight

What is the cause of blindsight in the visual pathways?

Geniculostriate path is damaged but tectopulvinar path is spared

What do the auditory receptors detect? (3)

Detect the frequency, amplitude, and complexity of air-pressure waves

What is frequency ?

Rate at which waves vibrate in Hz

What is the name of our perception of Frequency?

Pitch

Low frequency sounds are typically associated to __________________ sounds and high frequency sounds are _________________ sounds

Low frequency sounds are typically associated to low-pitched sounds and high frequency sounds are high-pitched sounds

What is amplitude in relation to sounds?

The intensity of a sound and normally measured in dB

What is the name of our perception of intensity?

Loudness

Low amplitude sounds are typically associated to ____________sounds and high amplitude sounds are _________________ sounds

Low amplitude sounds are typically associated to loud sounds and high amplitude sounds are soft sounds

What is complexity related to sounds?

The mixture of frequencies in a sound.

What is timbre? (2)

Complexity of a sound Mixture determines the sound's timbre or perceived uniqueness (Provides information about the nature of a sound e.x trombone vs. violin playin the same damn note)

What are the three anatomical divisions of the human ear?

OE, ME, IE

What constitute the OE?(2)

Pinna and external ear canal

What constitute the ME? (2)

Eardrum and ossicles

What constitute the Inner Ear? (3)

Oval window, cochlea, semicircular canals

___________ waves are _______ and transformed in the ear.

Sound pressure waves are amplified and transformed in the ear

Where is the frequency of a sound transduced in the IE?

What are the characteristics of the BM? (2)

Thick at the base, tuned for high frequencies Thin and wide at the apex, tuned for low frequencies

What happens when the membranes are bent in the IE?

generate action potentials in hair cells (axons form CN 8)

What is tonotopic theory in the BM?

Different points on the basilar membrane and in the cortex represent different sound frequencies

What is the path of the auditory stimulus from the cochlea of the left ear to the Cerebral cortex? 2 hemispheres 4 levels 7 (x2 both sides) nuclei structures VCN DCN OC TB IC MGN A1 A2

The auditory nerve projects to which structure in the hindbrain? (3) CN OC TB

Cochlear Nuclei Olivary Complex Trapezoid body

In the auditory pathway, the axons from the hindbrain project to the __________ aka ___________

Axons from hindbrain project to inferior colliculus (i.e., lateral lemniscus).

In the auditory pathway SOME axons terminate at the ___________________ important for sound ____________ and tracking.

Some axons terminate at inferior colliculus. Important for sound localization & tracking.

In the auditory pathway: Axons from inferior colliculus project to ___________________

medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus

In the auditory pathway: Axons from thalamus project to_____________________________________

primary auditory cortex (Heschl’s gyrus in temporal lobe) & secondary auditory cortex

In the auditory pathway, Pathways cross in ______________ &_____________, and then recross in thalamus

Pathways cross in hindbrain & midbrain, and then recross in thalamus

In the End: Information from each ear reaches ________________________________________

End result: information from each ear reaches both hemispheres

Where are the vestibular organs located and what are their roles?

In the IE, balance & perception

What bend and move when head moves in the vestibular system?

Hair cells

What consists the vestibular system? (2)

3 Semicircular canals Otolith organs (utricle, saccule)