Higher Cortical Functions & Cognitive / Behavioral Manifestations of Brain Disorders, Part 1 Flashcards
Primary Areas: Project to ____________________________________________________________________
Spinal motor systems or receive sensory input (via thalamus)
Describe Secondary Areas. (3)
Adjacent to primary areas
Sensory: Primary to Secondary
Motor: Secondary to Primary
Describe Tertiary Areas: (4)
- Aka Association Cx
- Located between secondary areas
- Not specific to sensory or motor information
- Perform “higher-order” functions
Give 7 examples of ‘‘Higher-Order’’ functions.
- Language
- Memory
- Executive Functions
- Perception
- Spatial Behaviour
- Attention
- Skilled Movement
What are the main anatomical (perisylvian) areas associated with language? (2)
- Broca’s area (green)
- Wernicke’s area (yellow)
(in the left Hemisphere)
What are the Brodmann’s numbers for Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas?
Broca’s area (areas 44 & 45)
Wernicke’s area (area 22)
Draw the Wernicke-Geschwind Model of comprehension (4 levels) and speech (6 Levels)
What is the name of the pathway that links Wernicke’s area and Broca’s area?
Arcuate Fasciculus
Explain the revisions to the Wernicke-Geschwind Model
- Original model is conceptually useful but details have been substantially revised by improved lesion analysis and neuroimaging
- Current models adopt network approach (not linear)
- Functions may be represented diffusely, e.g., semantics is not just in Wernicke’s area
- Broca’s area contains mental representations of language (not just motor programs)
What is Aphasia? (2)
Aphasia is an acquired disorder of language apparent in speech (production &/or comprehension), reading (i.e., dyslexia/alexia) &/or writing (i.e., dysgraphia/agraphia)
Aphasia often results from which neurological disorder?
Often results from stroke (> 80% of cases) but also from brain injuries, tumors, infections, dementias, etc.
Aphasia can be broadly classified into: (2)
Disorders of Comprehension (i.e., fluent types)
Disorders of Production (i.e., nonfluent types)
What are summary symptoms of disorders of comprehension? (2)
What are summary symptoms of disorders of production? (8)
Define aphasic syndromes of fluent aphasias (4) and nonaffluent aphasias (4)
Describe Wernicke’s Aphasia. (3)
- Difficulty in comprehending or repeating speech produced by other people or oneself
- Language production is generally fluent (i.e., no articulation problems) but jargon-like and may include neologisms, paraphasias, and word retrieval deficits
- Often unaware of language processing problems (i.e., anosoagnosia)
Describe Wernicke’s Aphasia. (3)
- Difficulty in comprehending or repeating speech produced by other people or oneself
- Language production is generally fluent (i.e., no articulation problems) but jargon-like and may include neologisms, paraphasias, and word retrieval deficits
- Often unaware of language processing problems (i.e., anosoagnosia)
What is anomic aphasia? (3)
- Isolated difficulty in finding names of specific objects
- Speech comprehension, production and repetition are relatively intact
- Circumlocutions are common
Q: What is this? (picture of igloo)
A: I know what it is, it’s made of snow. People in the Arctic live in them or use them as shelter…
Anomic Aphasia results from _____________________________________________________________
variable lesion sites (often in left temporal and/or frontal lobes)
What is the most common aphasia seen clinically?
Brocas aphasia
What is the mildest form of aphasia.
Anomic aphasia and is often is a residual deficit after recovery.
What is the mildest form of aphasia.
Anomic aphasia and is often is a residual deficit after recovery.
What occurs in Broca’s Aphasia? (2)
- Difficulty in the production of language (i.e., mental representations, not motor). Speech (when produced) is slow, labored and telegraphic.
- Comprehension is relatively good but may have difficulty with syntactically-complex phrases
What usually preserved in Broca’s aphasia?
Insight into linguistic abilities
Which type of aphasia is occurring in this example:
'’Q: Why did you come to the hospital?
A: Ah…Monday…ah Dad and Paul…and Dad…hospital. Two…ah doctors…and ah…thirty minutes…and yes…ah hospital. And er Wednesday…nine o’clock…doctors. Two doctors…and ah…teeth. Yeah…fine.”
Broca’s Aphasia
Which type of aphasia is occurring in this example:
'’Q: What kind of work did you do before you came into hospital?
A: Never, now mista oyge I wanna tell you this happened when happened when he rent. His – his kell come down here and is – he got ren something. It happened. In these ropiers were with him for hi – is friend – like was. And it just happened so I don’t know, he did not bring around anything. And he did not pay it. And he roden all o these arranjen from the pedis on from iss pescid. In these floors now and so. He hadn’t had em around here.’’
Wernicke’s Aphasia
What are the primary, secondary and tertiary areas that are affected in Wernicke’s aphasia?
What are the primary, secondary and tertiary areas that are affected in Wernicke’s aphasia?
What is global aphasia? (2)
Generalized difficulty in comprehending, producing or repeating speech (some automatic phrases may be spared)
Usually results from extensive left-hemisphere lesions
What is dysarthria?
- Distinct from aphasia and is not a language disorder
- Refers to speech disorders that result from neuromuscular dysfunction
The nature of motor-speech deficits in dysarthria depend on what part of system the dysfunction arises in. Give 5 examples.
Upper motor neurons
Lower motor neurons (ie., cranial nerves)
Basal Ganglia
Cerebellum
Describe and draw the classification of memory systems. E.g., LTM STM
Different memory systems have different neural substrates
What are the main anatomical Areas associated with LT Explicit Memory? (3)
Temporal lobe and proximal areas
Prefrontal cortex
Medial thalamus
What are the main anatomical areas associated with Explicit Memory? (6)
Briefly give the main anatomical areas associated with explicit and implicit LTM:
LTM Explicit:
- Prefrontal cortex
- temporal lobe structures
- medial thalamus circuit
LTM Implicit:
- Basal ganglia &/or cerebellum
- neocortex circuit
What is the difference between Anterograde vs. Retrograde amnesia?
What is amnesia?
Loss of memory
What happened in HM case?
He suffered severe anterograde amnesia following bilateral medial temporal lobe resection
In material specific amnesias, left and right hemispheres are involved in _____________________________________________________________
Lesions in LEFT hemisphere can _________________________________________________________
encoding and retrieving different types of material
impair memory for verbal material (i.e., language-based)
In material specific amnesias, left and right hemispheres are involved in _____________________________________________________________
Lesions in RIGHT hemisphere can _________________________________________________________
Lesions in right hemisphere can impair memory for visual material
Example from patient with tumor in right temporal lobe:
