Higher Cortical Functions & Cognitive / Behavioral Manifestations of Brain Disorders, Part 1 Flashcards
Primary Areas: Project to ____________________________________________________________________
Spinal motor systems or receive sensory input (via thalamus)
Describe Secondary Areas. (3)
Adjacent to primary areas
Sensory: Primary to Secondary
Motor: Secondary to Primary
Describe Tertiary Areas: (4)
- Aka Association Cx
- Located between secondary areas
- Not specific to sensory or motor information
- Perform “higher-order” functions
Give 7 examples of ‘‘Higher-Order’’ functions.
- Language
- Memory
- Executive Functions
- Perception
- Spatial Behaviour
- Attention
- Skilled Movement
What are the main anatomical (perisylvian) areas associated with language? (2)
- Broca’s area (green)
- Wernicke’s area (yellow)
(in the left Hemisphere)
What are the Brodmann’s numbers for Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas?
Broca’s area (areas 44 & 45)
Wernicke’s area (area 22)
Draw the Wernicke-Geschwind Model of comprehension (4 levels) and speech (6 Levels)
What is the name of the pathway that links Wernicke’s area and Broca’s area?
Arcuate Fasciculus
Explain the revisions to the Wernicke-Geschwind Model
- Original model is conceptually useful but details have been substantially revised by improved lesion analysis and neuroimaging
- Current models adopt network approach (not linear)
- Functions may be represented diffusely, e.g., semantics is not just in Wernicke’s area
- Broca’s area contains mental representations of language (not just motor programs)
What is Aphasia? (2)
Aphasia is an acquired disorder of language apparent in speech (production &/or comprehension), reading (i.e., dyslexia/alexia) &/or writing (i.e., dysgraphia/agraphia)
Aphasia often results from which neurological disorder?
Often results from stroke (> 80% of cases) but also from brain injuries, tumors, infections, dementias, etc.
Aphasia can be broadly classified into: (2)
Disorders of Comprehension (i.e., fluent types)
Disorders of Production (i.e., nonfluent types)
What are summary symptoms of disorders of comprehension? (2)
What are summary symptoms of disorders of production? (8)
Define aphasic syndromes of fluent aphasias (4) and nonaffluent aphasias (4)
Describe Wernicke’s Aphasia. (3)
- Difficulty in comprehending or repeating speech produced by other people or oneself
- Language production is generally fluent (i.e., no articulation problems) but jargon-like and may include neologisms, paraphasias, and word retrieval deficits
- Often unaware of language processing problems (i.e., anosoagnosia)
Describe Wernicke’s Aphasia. (3)
- Difficulty in comprehending or repeating speech produced by other people or oneself
- Language production is generally fluent (i.e., no articulation problems) but jargon-like and may include neologisms, paraphasias, and word retrieval deficits
- Often unaware of language processing problems (i.e., anosoagnosia)
What is anomic aphasia? (3)
- Isolated difficulty in finding names of specific objects
- Speech comprehension, production and repetition are relatively intact
- Circumlocutions are common
Q: What is this? (picture of igloo)
A: I know what it is, it’s made of snow. People in the Arctic live in them or use them as shelter…
Anomic Aphasia results from _____________________________________________________________
variable lesion sites (often in left temporal and/or frontal lobes)
What is the most common aphasia seen clinically?
Brocas aphasia
What is the mildest form of aphasia.
Anomic aphasia and is often is a residual deficit after recovery.
What is the mildest form of aphasia.
Anomic aphasia and is often is a residual deficit after recovery.
What occurs in Broca’s Aphasia? (2)
- Difficulty in the production of language (i.e., mental representations, not motor). Speech (when produced) is slow, labored and telegraphic.
- Comprehension is relatively good but may have difficulty with syntactically-complex phrases
What usually preserved in Broca’s aphasia?
Insight into linguistic abilities
