Organization of the Nervous System ll Flashcards
Cranial Nerve 1 + Function + sensory/ motor or mixed
Olfactory Smell (s)
Cranial Nerve 2 + Function + sensory/ motor or mixed
Optic Vision (s)
Cranial Nerve 3 + Function
Oculomotor Eye movement (m)
Cranial Nerve 4+ Function
Trochlear Eye movement (m)
Cranial Nerve 5+ Function
Trigeminal Masticatory movements (s, m)
Cranial Nerve 6+ Function
Abducens Eye movement (m)
Cranial Nerve 7+ Function
Facial movement (s, m)
Cranial Nerve 8+ Function
Auditory Vestibular Hearing (s)
Cranial Nerve 9+ Function
Glossopharyngeal Tongue and Pharynx (s, m)
Cranial Nerve 10+ Function
Vagus Heart, blood vessels, viscera, movement larynx pharynx (s, m)
Cranial Nerve 11+ Function
Spinal accessory Neck muscles and viscera (m)
Cranial Nerve 12+ Function
Hypoglossal Tongue muscles (m)
What are the names of ventricular systems? (4) and the aqueduct
Laterals , third, fourth and cerebral aqueduct.
What are the three levels of the brainstem?
Diencephalon, Midbrain, Hindbrain
What are the 2 levels of the forebrain?
Cerebral cortex
Subcortical structures (Basil Ganglia, Limbic system)
In which canal is the spinal cord located in?
Vertebral Canal
How many segments is the spinal cord divided in? What are the names of the sections? (4)
31 Segments
8 Cervical
12Thoracic
5 Lumbar
5 Sacral
True of false: Each segment of the spinal cord does not have a pair of spinal nerves?
False:
Each segment has a pair of spinal nerves
True or False: Nerves in the spinal cord carry sensory signals out of the cord
False: Nerves in the spinal cord carry sensory signals in the cord
True or False: All nerves are mixed in the spinal cord, but the cranial nerves are not mixed (Sensory and Motor nerves)
True
True or False: Nerves in the spinal cord carry motor signals out of cord
True: Nerves in the spinal cord carry motor signals out of cord
What is a dermatome?
Regions of body innervated by single spinal nerve
In the spinal cord, the white matter is on the _________ and grey on the _________
The white matter outside and grey inside
Nerves are part of the _________
PNS
Tracts are part of the_______
CNS
In the dorsal root of the spinal cord
Strand of ________fibers entering the spinal cord
Brings ________ information from receptors to spinal cord and brain
afferent fibers entering the spinal cord
sensory
In the Ventral root of the spinal cord
Strand of ________fibers leaving the spinal cord
Carries ________ information to the body
efferent fibers leaving the spinal cord
motor information
The Bell-Magendie Law states that:
Dorsal part of the spinal cord is sensory and the ventral is motor
Which type of nerves does the spinal cord controls?
Spinal Nerves
Which type of nerves does the brain controls?
Cranial Nerves
Which cranial nerves are the most important for communication? (5)
5, 7 9 10 11 12
Vagus (10) & Spinal Accessory (11)
Provide motor innervation to l___________
Larynx
Trigeminal (5), Glossopharyngeal (9) & Vagus (10)
Provide motor innervation to the ________ and __________
Pharynx and soft Palate
Trigeminal (5), Facial (7) & Hypoglossal (12)
Provide motor innervation to _____, ______, _______ & ________
Provide motor innervation to face, lips, tongue & cheek
Auditory vestibular (8)
Carry _________ signals from the ________ to the brainstem
Carry auditory signals from the cochlea to the brainstem
What are the regions of the brainstem? (3)
Diencephalon
Midbrain
Hindbrain
In the brainstem, the cranial nerve _______ is in the core and in general, dorsal part is ________ and ventral part is ________
Cranial nerve nuclei is in the core. In general, dorsal part is sensory and ventral part is motor
True or False: The brainstem produces LESS complex movements than the spinal cord
False: The brainstem produces MORE complex movements than the spinal cord
The Cerebellum is part of the hindbrain, midbrain or the diencephalon?
hindbrain
What are 3 characteristics of the cerebellum?
- Folia surface
- Fine movements
- Damage = Equilibrium, postural defects, impaired Fine motor control
The pons and Medulla are part of the ___________ and are involved in many functions, including __________, sleeping and _____________
Hindbrain
waking, sleeping, and locomotion
The Tectum, part of the __________,
Located ________
“Roof” of 3rd ventricle
Composed of:
Superior colliculi which receives____________ input from _______
Inferior colliculi which receives ________ input from _______
The Tectum, part of the Midbrain,
Located dorsally
“Roof” of 3rd ventricle
Composed of:
Superior colliculi which receives sensory input from eye
Inferior colliculi which receives sensory input from ear
Characteristics of the colliculi.
Mediate sensory behaviors & control movement of eyes/head to track visual or auditory stimuli
Tegmentum
Located ______________
“Floor” of 3rd ventricle
Composed of:
Red Nucleus which is involved in ________________
Substantia Nigra which is involved in ________________ and ____________________
Tegmentum
Located ventrally
“Floor” of 3rd ventricle
Composed of:
Red Nucleus which is involved in limb movements
Substantia Nigra which is involved in reward-behaviour and movement initiation
What does the Hypothalamus do? (2)
Interacts with the pituitary gland
Involved in motivated behavior
What is the Epithalamus?
Collection of nuclei, including pineal gland (circadian rhythms) and habenula (hunger & thirst)
What are the roles of the Thalamus?
-Relay station
-Group of nuclei receiving sensory or motor inputs
- integrate and project input to cortical areas
What are structures of the forebrain?
Cerebral Cortex and Subcortical structures
What are subcortical structures of the Forebrain?
- Basal Ganglia
- Limbic System
What are the structures of the basial ganglia? (1)
P__________
G_____ P_____
C_____ N____
- Putamen (‘shell’)
- Globus Pallidus (‘pale globe’)
- Caudate Nucleus (‘tailed nucleus’)
What are functions of the Basal Ganglia? CCMP
controlling coordinating movement patterns
What are some examples of basal ganglia diseases? (2) PD HC
Parkinson’s Disease
Huntington’s Chorea
What are the main parts of the Limbic System?
Hippocampus (seahorse)
Amygdala (almond)
Septum (partition)
Cingulate Gyrus (cingulate cortex)
What are the characteristics of the Neo Cortex?
- Expanded the most during evolution
- Comprises 80% of the human brain
- Surface area: 2500 square cm
- Thickness: 1.5-3.0 mm
- Six layers
- Covers two cerebral hemispheres, four lobes (frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal)
What are functions of the hippocampus?
Learning & memory
What are functions of the amygdala and septum?
Emotion behavior
Give a function of the primary areas on the Neo Cortex.
Project to spinal motor systems or receive sensory input from thalamus)
Describe Secondary areas on the Neo Cortex and direction (3)
Adjacent to primary areas
Sensory: Primary -> Secondary
Motor: Secondary ->Primary
How many layers comprise the Cortex?
- 6 layers
- Layers have regional differences (e.g,
Describe the crossed brain.
Contralateral sensory and motor organization in brain
What is another word for the Long tracts between cortical areas?
fasciculi
Which Fasciculus connects Broca’s area to Wernicke’s area?
Arcuate Fasciculus
Cranial nerves with sensory functions interface with the _________part of the brainstem and those with motor function interface with the __________ part.
Posterior
Anterior
The cerebellum contains _________ times more neurons than the neocortex.
FOUR times
What is the Central Sulcus?
Big groove that divides the primary motor cortex from the primary motor area.
The neocortex is divided in three different areas in the motor and somatosensory:
The primary, secondary and association areas
Describe Tertiary areas (association areas) of the Neocortex: (4)
- Association
- Located between secondary areas
- Not specific to sensory or motor information
- Perform complex functions
True or False: Communication between neurons is a CHEMICAL process not an electrical.
TRUE!
What is the link between depolarization and the movement of NA+?
Depolarization = Na+ rushing it
What is the the link between hyperpolarization and movement of K+
?
Hyperpolarization = K+ rushing out
Damage to the sections above the Thoracic nerves would results into?
Quadriplegia
Damage to the sections below the Thoracic nerves would results into?
Paraplegia
True or false: the brainstem produces more complex movements than the spinal cord?
True
The Cranial nerve nuclei is located in the core of the brain, brainstem, or spinal cord?
Brainstem
What are the functions of the reticular formation?
maintaining general arousal
The Periacqueductal Gray in the tegmentum is involved in?
In species-typical behaviour and pain responses
The Periacqueductal Gray in the tegmentum is involved in?
In species-typical behaviour and pain responses
Give the names of four Thalamic Nuclei in the Diencephalon. LGN MGN VPN VAN
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
Medial Geniculate Nucleus
Ventral Posterior Nucleus
Ventral Anterior Nucleus
The LGN in the thalamus receives…
visual input and routes it to occipital cortex
The MGN in the thalamus receives…
receives auditory input and routes it to temporal cortex
The VPN tin the thalamus receives…
somatosensory input and routes it to parietal cortex
Ventral anterior nucleus receives…
motor input from basal ganglia and routes it to frontal (motor) cortex
In the basal Ganglia Structures Globus Pallidus is m_______ to Putamen.
medial
The caudate nucleus forms the l__________ wall of the lateral ventricle.
Lateral
Describe the 6 layers of the motor cortex vs the 6 layers of the sensory cortex:
Input sensory layers in the sensory cortex thicker than motor cortex
Output to other parts of the brain in motor cortex thicker than sensory cortex
Short connections between adjacent gyri =
Arcuate fibers
Red nucleus is involved in:
limb movements
Substantia Nigra which is involved:
Reward behavior and movement
