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Bio 224.3 > Sensory nervous system detecting the environment > Flashcards

Sensory nervous system detecting the environment Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

why is it important for animals to detect there environment

A

in context of homeostasis

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2
Q

how can sensory receptors function in terms of the kind of cell it is

A

can function as single cell or with accessory cells

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3
Q

what is an example of how sensory receptors can be grouped in a complex sensory organ

A

the eyes of an insect

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4
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

respond to mechanical deformation

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5
Q

thermoreceptors

A

respond to cold and heat

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6
Q

nocioreceptors

A

respond to pain (tissue damage)

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7
Q

electromagnetic receptors

A

respond to electrical and magnetic fields; infrared and ultra violet light

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8
Q

photoreceptors

A

respond to visible light

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9
Q

chemoreceptors

A

respond to various chemicals

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10
Q

how does a sensory respond work with a change in AP firing rate

A

-stimuli alter ion movements across membranes
-produce a graded receptor potential
-alters rate at which AP is generated in axon hillock
-change in firing rate interpreted by CNS

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11
Q

what are stretch receptors

A

-common in invertebrates and vertebrates
-detect relative position of body structures
-membrane has a mechanically-gated Na+ channels
-deforming stimulus depolarization membrane
-preform a variety of roles in animals

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12
Q

what are mechanoreceptor examples

A

stretch receptors
hair cells

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13
Q

what are stretch receptors

A

-common in both (in)vertebrates
-detect relative positions of body structure
-membrane has mechanically gated Na+ channels
-deforming stimulus depolarizes the membrane
(hitting your knee reflex)

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14
Q

what are hair cells

A

-receptor cells with sterocillia to detect fluid currents

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15
Q

how do hair cells work

A

-they have mechanically gated ion channels in membrane
-can depolarize or hyperpolarize hair cells
-voltage regulated ca+ channels regulate neurotransmitters
-hair cells synapses with the sensory neuron that projects to CNS

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16
Q

what is the function of hair cells

A

-in organs of balance
-provides into on gravity, acceleration and water currents
-provide about sound frequency, amplitude, and loaction

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17
Q

where are hair cells found

A

in organs of sound

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18
Q

what are the three photoreceptors

A

-eye spots (found in many invertebrates)
-compound eye (arthropods, some annelids)
-camera eye (cephlapod molluscs, all vertebrates)

19
Q

what do all photoreceptors have in common

A

all use photopigment to transduce light energy into bioelectrical signals

19
Q

what do compund eyes and camera eyes have incommon that eye spots dont

A

lends to focus light and form images; complex central nervous system to interpret sensory info

19
Q

how does phototransduction work in the vertabrate retina

A

-rods: detect low intensity light, grey shades, white to black
-cones: detect high intensity photons, colour

19
Q

what can be found for photopigments in rods and cones

A

rods-rhodopsin
cones-several kinds of opsins

19
Q

the retina is an…

A

an outgrowth of the brain

20
Q

what does the retina do

A

The retina is a layer of photoreceptors cells and glial cells within the eye that captures incoming photons and transmits them along neuronal pathways as both electrical and chemical signals for the brain to perceive a visual picture

21
Q

what is an opsin

A

a protein which forms part of the visual pigment rhodopsin and is released by the action of light.

21
Q

what do photons inhibit

A

retinal receptor cells

21
Q

what is cis-retinal

A

inactive visual pigments

22
Q

what is trans-retinal

A

active visual pigment

23
Q

photoreceptors cause…

A

initial polarization

24
Q

what is an example of chemoreceptors

A

taste

25
Q

what does each taste receptor cell respond to

A

-a different stimulus; water, salt, sugar
-which convays info about taste and conc

26
Q

for chemoreceptors what are non-neuronal recepotor cells group into

A

taste buds

27
Q

in chemoreceptors what does each receptor have

A

a preferred chemical sensitivity

28
Q

how does salty and sour taste transactions work

A

they are simple- cation inflow depolarizes the cell, neuro transmitter releases

29
Q

how does sweet, bitter and umami taste transductions work

A

complex, 2nd messanger pathway

30
Q

what is olfaction

A

relies on distance chemoreception

31
Q

what does taste rely on

A

contact chemoreception

32
Q

how does olfaction work

A

binding of odorant leads to membrane depolarization

33
Q

how many olfaction neurons do humans have

A

107
dogs: 20x more
moths 1000x more then dogs

34
Q

hoe many genes encode for different olfactory receptors

A

at least 1000

35
Q

how do olfactory receptors compare in vert and inverts

A

they are very simular

36
Q

what are thermoreceptors

A

temperature infrared

37
Q

what is electroreception

A

-electric field
-electroreceptors detect distortions of electric fields
-also produce large fields (up to 600v) for prey capture

Bio 224.3 (12 decks)

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