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Bio 224.3 > Endocrine system > Flashcards

Endocrine system Flashcards

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1
Q

what systems act together to maintain homeostasis

A

CNS and ES

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2
Q

the CNS is ___ term and the ES is ___ term

A

short(ms-s), longer(s,d,y)

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3
Q

what is used to coordinate both CNS and ES

A

extensive feedback loops

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4
Q

what are some features the nervous system has in common with the endocrine system

A

-both use chemical messangers (neurotransmitters) to signal effector cells
-simular mechanisms of messenger release
-similar mechanism at effector cell membrane
-similar biochemical diversity

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5
Q

what are some differences between the endocrine system and the nervous system

A

-all animals use endocrine system (even sponges)
-chemical signal carried in body fluid (endo=secretion into blood)
-provides longer term regulation (seconds to days, NS operates on msec time scale)

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6
Q

gland

A

organ/tissue responsible for synthesis and secretion of cellular products

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7
Q

endocrine

A

secretion of material into extracellular spaces of blood vessels; includes includes autocrine, paracrine & neuro-endocrine secretion

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8
Q

what is autocrine regulation

A

-acts of same cells that release it
-diffuses through extracellular fluid
-has receptor protein on the out side of cell

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9
Q

what is paracrine regulation

A

-acts on nearby (different) cells that release it
-there is a target cell
-with a receptor protein on it

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10
Q

what the different kinds of local regulation

A

-autocrine regulation
-paracrine regulation

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11
Q

distance regulation

A

-endocrine regulation
-neurogenic regulation

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12
Q

endocrine regulation

A

-endocrine cell releases hormone
-transported in blood
-goes to receptor protein
-onto the target cell

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13
Q

neurogenic regulation

A

-neurosecretory neuron
-release neurohormone
-transported in blood
-to target cell
-to receptor protein

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14
Q

what do hormones regulate

A

physiology, behavior, and development

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15
Q

what are hormones

A

signalling molecules secreted by endocrine cells

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16
Q

exocrine

A

secretions of material onto a body surface or into a duct

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17
Q

amines chemical properties

A

small, water coluble, derived form tyrosine or tryptophan

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18
Q

amines location of target cell receptor

A

plasma membrane (except thyroid hormones)

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19
Q

amines mechanism of action

A

second messengers (except thyroid hormones)

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20
Q

amines examples

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, melatonin, thyroid hormone

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21
Q

protein/pepides chemical properties

A

-water soluble

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22
Q

protein/pepides lacation of target cell receptor

A

plasma membrane

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23
Q

protein/pepides mechanism of action

A

secondary messengers

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24
Q

protein/pepides examples

A

insulin, glucogon, leptin

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25
Q

steroids chemical properties

A

derived from cholesterol, mostly lipid-soluble

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26
Q

steroids location of target cell receptors

A

cytosol or nucleus

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27
Q

steroids mechanism of action

A

usually stimulates gene transcription

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28
Q

steroids examples

A

cortisol, testosterone, estradiol

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29
Q

signalling mechanisms of non-steroid hormones

A

-reception=hydrophilic hormone binds to plasma membrane surface receptor and activates is
-transduction=activated receptor triggers a signal transduction pathway
-responce=transduction of the signal leads to cellular responce

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30
Q

non-steriod hormones exmples

A

epinephrine, insulin

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31
Q

signalling mechanism of steroid hormones

A

-hydrophobic hormone passes freely through plasma membrane and binds to receptor in cytoplasm activating it
-activated receptor binds to control sequence of gene, leading to gene activation of inhibition
-transduciton of signal leads to cellular responce

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32
Q

what are steroid hormones

A

lipids derived form cholesterol

33
Q

what are some examples of steroid hormones

A

incest developmental hormones, human sex hormones

34
Q

tyrosine can produce many hormones what are they

A

-L-dopa (inactie inter)
-dopamine (important neurotransmitter and hormone made by the brain)
-norepinephrine (important hormone for flight of fight reactions)
-epinephrine (important hormone for flight or fight reactions simular to epinephrine)

35
Q

tyrosine can produce many hormones what are some characteristics of these

A

-can act as hormone of neurotransmitter or both
-molecule produced depends on enzyme gene expression in secretory cell
-hydrophilic hormones stored in secretory vesicles before secretion from cells
-regulation of: synthesis (enzyme expression), secretion (Ca++ mediated exocytosis)

36
Q

what things can be made form cholesterol in a single pathway

A

-cortisol (regulates bodies stress response)
-aldosterone (regulates osmotic pressure)
-androgens (sex steroid responsible for the development and maintenance of male secondary sexual characteristics and repod)
-estrogens (sex steroids responsible for the development of female secondary sexual characteristics and repod)
-progesterone (sex steroid required for reporduction)
-ecdysone (stimulates molting and pupa formation)

37
Q

what are some characteristics of the hormones made form cholesterol

A

-steroids
-tissues have different enzymes/intermediates to get specific outcomes
-(estradiol from testosterone)
-hydrophobic hormones diffuse out after sythesis (not stored in cells)
-regulation of: synthesis (enzyme expression)

38
Q

what is the most common anderogen and estrogens

A

an- test
-estrogens- estradiol

39
Q

what are the hormone levels in the blood/fluid regulated by

A

-altering rate of hormone syntesis
-altering rate of secretion (release from secratory vesicle)
-removal mechanisms (eg liver and kidney of vertebrates)
-converting inactive versions to active form of target tissue (eg T4 to T3 by deiodinase in liver)
-homeostatic feedback loops

40
Q

what is the major difference between steroid and non-steroid hormones in terms of their chemical and functional structures

A

-different chemical properties
-different synthesis and storage (non steroid stored in secretory cells, steroids produced as needed
-different signalling mechanisms + target cell response (steroid hormone signalling=slower)
-difference in metabolism + elimination (lipids need to be turned into water soluble molecules to be excreted

41
Q

what cells will respond to hormones

A

only cells wth specific receptor proteins

42
Q

what tissues produce an endocrine messanger

A

virtually all

43
Q

what organs are apart of the endocrine system

A

-hypothalmus
-pinal gland
-posterior pituitary
-parathyroids glands
-thyroid gland
-adreanal gland
-adreanal medualla
-islets of lagnerhans (in pancreas)
-ovaries
-testies

44
Q

hypothalmus

A

-produces and secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones that regulate secretions by the anterior pituitary
-produces ADH and oxytocin, which are stored and released by posterior pituitary
-control center of ES
-acts through pituitary

45
Q

pinal gland

A

secretes melatonin

46
Q

anterior pituitary

A

secretes ACTH, TSH, FSH, and LH, which stimulates other glands, aswell as prolactin, GH, MSH, and endorphins
-glandular tissue
-processes and secretes its own hormones

47
Q

posterior pituitary

A

-stores and releases ADH and oxytocin
-nervous tissue
-stores and secretes hypothalamus hormones

48
Q

parathyroid glands

A

secretes parathyroid hormones

49
Q

thyroid glands

A

-TRH
-TSH
-thyroxine- increases metabolic rate (inc body temp)

50
Q

adrenal cortex

A

secretes cortisol and aldosterone and small amounts of androgens

51
Q

adrenal medulla

A

secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

52
Q

islets of langerhans (in pancreas)

A

secretes insulin and glucogon

53
Q

ovaries

A

secretes estrogen and progesterone

54
Q

testes

A

secretes androgens

55
Q

what are specialist endocrine organs

A

only have one function (thyroid pituitary)

56
Q

what are the multifunction endocrine glands

A

-have multiple functions
-e.g. pancrease- endocrine, glucose mobilization, digestive enzymes

57
Q

what are the only endocrine glands that produce steroid hormones

A

adrenal gland, sex organs

58
Q

what are some endocrine systems that have a close relationship between endocrine and the nervous system

A

hypothalmus (basically a nervous tissue but major for signalling what to secrete)

59
Q

brain-pituitary gland connection in vertebrates (posterior)

A

-neurosecratory cells(mod neurons) go from the hypothalmus to the post
-release hormones into it
-then post releases it in to blood vessels
-oxitocyn (uterine muscle, mammary glands)
-ADH (kidney tubules)

60
Q

brain-pituitary gland connection in vertebrates (anterior)

A

-also have neurosecratory cells
-unlike posterior it is a true endocrine gland
-hypo releases hormones into the blood vessels which causes anterior pit to release hormones
-TSH (thyroid)
-ACTH (adrenal cortex)
-FSH and LH (testes of ovaries)
-growth hormone (entire body)
-prolactin (mammary glands in mammals)
-endorphins (pain receptor in brain)

61
Q

growth hormone

A

-has very broad effect
-promotes synthesis and use of body fat for energy
-promotes development and enlargement of all body parts (especially muscle)
-essential for normal growth and development
-overproduction of GH causes gigantism
-less results in inadequate growth

62
Q

thyroid gland charicteristics

A

-multifunctional role in body function and homeostasis
-controls metamorphosis in bull frogs
-in humans produces T4 (thyroxine) and T3
-maintains normal blood pressure, heart rate, muscle tone
-digestion, repo, calcium homeostasis (calcitonin)
-insufficent T3/T4:
-hypothyroidism (goiter)
-enlargement of thyroid

63
Q

explain how goiter happens

A

-hypo secretes TRH
-causing anterior p to release TSH
-acting on thyroid but insufficent iodine to make t3,t4 so no inhibition
-build up of the TSH causes a large thyroid

64
Q

endocrinology of stress in vertebrates 2

A

-body responds in two phases
-acute response (almost immediately, due to activation of sympathetic division
-chronic response (delayed by a few minutes, due to activation of hypothalamo-pituitary axis
-different adrenal gland hormones mediate both phases

65
Q

acute phase endocrinology of stress in vertebrates

A

-adrenal gland secretes two hormones when sympathetic NS is maximally active
-epinephrine and norepinephrine in blood augment effects of sympathetic nerves
-prolongs bodys responce in flight or fight
epi (75%) norepi (25%)

66
Q

what is the length of pre/post ganglionic nerve in para/sympathetic NS

A

-on average
-pre=longer in para
-post=longer in sympa

67
Q

what is the response of the cardiovascular system for the acute phase of endocrinology of stress

A

increase in heart rate and strength of heart contractions to maximize pumping of blood to all parts of the body; dilate blood vessels entering tissues needing more O2 (eg skeletal muscle) and constriction of regions of less immediate importance (kidney, gut)

68
Q

what is the response of the respiratory system for the acute phase of endocrinology of stress

A

dilate small airways (bronchioles) to reduce resistance to airflow in mammals; increase rate of depth of breathing to maximize O2 intake and CO2 elemination

69
Q

what is the response of the metabolic system for the acute phase of endocrinology of stress

A

-increase in glycogenolysis in muscle to provide glucose for muscle cells and in liver to provide glucose to the blood where it can reach usable fuel (fatty acid) that can than enter the blood stream; stimulate glucagon secretion which acts on liver to promote gluconeogenesis

70
Q

what is the response of the nervous system for the acute phase of endocrinology of stress

A

increase in arousal and alertness; inhibits non essential functions like appetite

71
Q

endocrinology of stress in vertebrates

A

-form minutes to days
-prepares body to cope with stress over long term
-due to glucocorticoid hormones and adrenal cortex
-cortisol in humans, rodentsm and teleost fist
-corticosterone in all other vertabrates

72
Q

livers response in endocrinology of stress in vertebrates for the chronic phase

A

stimulates gluconeogenesis, thus providing glucose into blood

73
Q

adipose tissue response in endocrinology of stress in vertebrates for the chronic phase

A

stimulates breakdown of triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol for fuel

74
Q

muscle and adipose tissue response in endocrinology of stress in vertebrates for the chronic phase

A

inhibits sensitivity to insuli making more glucose available to brain cells which donnot require insulin to move glucose across their plasma membranes

75
Q

bone response in endocrinology of stress in vertebrates for the chronic phase

A

inhibit bone growth and formation because such processes require large amounts of nutrients that could be used combat stress instead

76
Q

lung response in endocrinology of stress in vertebrates for the chronic phase

A

stimulate lung maturation in the fetus

77
Q

immume response in endocrinology of stress in vertebrates for the chronic phase

A

suppresses immune system function and reduces inflammation

78
Q

other response in endocrinology of stress in vertebrates for the chronic phase

A

regulate sodium and chloride balance in migratory fish; stimulate nervous system development in most vertebrates; stimulares protein breakdown to provide amino acids to the liver for gluconeogenesis; inhibits reproduction

79
Q
A

Bio 224.3 (12 decks)

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