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Bio 224.3 > metabolism and body temp regulation > Flashcards

metabolism and body temp regulation Flashcards

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1
Q

for humans what is daily energy spent on

A

~70% in basic organ function
~20% on physical activity
~10% for thermoregulation

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2
Q

what are organic substrates that are absorbed form the digestive system in to blood delivered to tissue for

A

-immediate conversion to ATP (&heat)
-synthesis into structural molecules
-storage for later conversion to ATP

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3
Q

what do heterotrophs derive energy form

A

other organisms (food)

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4
Q

what is the energy flow diagram

A

-food energy
-metabolic pool in body<->energy storage
-external work/internal work–>thermal energy (heat)

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5
Q

metabolism

A

body processes that use or produce energy; occurs at multiple scales

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6
Q

metabolic rate

A

the rate at which body energy is used in metabolism

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7
Q

what is body metabolism adjusted to do

A

meet specific needs

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8
Q

more body activity

A

=higher overall energy use (metabolic rate)

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9
Q

what is metabolism and metabolic rate regulated by

A

-the CNS and various hormones in mammals
-motor NS increases skeletal muscle activity
-autonomic NS switches between PNS and SNS
-epinephrine increase metabolism
-T3 directly stimulates cellular ATP and heat production indirectly through verious chemical signals (cortisol, leptin)

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10
Q

a change in metabolic rate results form a change…

A

ATP usage by individual cells

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11
Q

how is a change in metabolic rate seen at a whole body level

A

-altered O2 consumption
-altered CO2 production
-altered production of H+ and other byproducts
-altered heat production

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12
Q

why have some animals evolves a high rate of metabolism

A

just to maintain elevated body temps

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13
Q

how is metabolic rate usually measured indirectly

A

as the rate of O2 consumption

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14
Q

what does the whole body energy use depend on

A

body mass (slope=0.80)

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15
Q

what does SA/vol have to do with physiology

A

it plays role in physiology because some properties vary in relation to volume (measured in body mass) and other properties vary in relation to SA
e.g heat production (V) versus heat dissipation (SA)

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16
Q

why are large animals more efficient in maintaining body temp

A

because of low SA/V (thus less heat loss) but cools down slower (requires structural adaption)

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17
Q

why do smaller lose body heat faster and cool down faster

A

due to greater SA/V

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18
Q

endotherms:

A

generate heat internally (thermogenesis) to maintain a steady body temp
example: mammals and birds

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19
Q

ectotherms

A

depend on external sources of body heat
example: reptiles, amphibians, fish, inverts

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20
Q

homeotherms

A

maintain a near constant body tem

21
Q

poikilotherms

A

do not maintain a steady body temps

22
Q

what body things are greatly influenced by temperature

A

enzymatic and other cellular activities

23
Q

why do endothermic animals generate excess metabolic heat

A

excess metabolic heat to thermoregulate

24
Q

what do ectothermic animals rely on

A

the external environment to govern their body temprature

25
Q

what happens to endo and ectotherms at low tempratures

A

endo=metabolic rate rises to generate extra body heat
ecto=animals rely on the external environment to govern their body temp

26
Q

hibernation vs torpor

A

hybornation metabolic rate drops in the cold for multiple months
torpor metabolic rate drops for only a few hours

27
Q

what are bears

A

endothermic pikotherm

28
Q

what animals are ectotherms

A

invertebrates, fish, amphibians, reptiles

29
Q

what do ectothermic animals rely on

A

the external environment to govern their body temp

30
Q

what can modulate ectothermic animals body temp

A

behavior

31
Q

how do enzymes change in ectotherms

A

different forms of body enzymes may have different activities depending on temp

32
Q

what are advantages to ectotherms

A

less food needed, lower body energy expenditures

33
Q

what are disadvantages to ectotherms

A

optimal temprature is limited, need to cope with fluctuations in body temps, limited body complexity, limited environmental range, periods of inactivity

34
Q

what are some examples of endothermic animals

A

birds and mammals

35
Q

what are some advantages to endotherms

A

always an optimal temprature for body biochemistry

35
Q

what things do endotherms use to maintain a stable body temp

A

behavioural, homeostasis, and anatomical adaptions (fur, sweat glands)

35
Q

what are some disadvantages to endotherms

A

need a constant supply of hight quality food; complex homeostasis to cool and warm body

36
Q

why do endothermic animals generate excess metabolic heat

A

to thermoregulate

37
Q

what happens if there is a change in skin temp

A

-triggers peripheral thermochemoreceptors in skin
-signals to the hypothalamic centers for body thermoregulation (bodys thermostat)
-effects include triggering; volentary change in behaviour, motor neurons, and symphathetic nerves

37
Q

when there is a decrease in temp detected by thermoreceptors and the hypothalums triggers motor neurons what does this do

A

skeletal muscle->muscle tone shivering->adjustments in muscle activity (in metabolic output)

37
Q

what happens if there is a change in core temprature

A

-central thermochemoreceptors in hypothalamus, abdominal organs, and else where
-signals to the hypothalamic centers for body thermoregulation (bodys thermostat)
-effects include triggering; volentary change in behaviour, motor neurons, and symphathetic nerves

38
Q

when there is a change in tepm detected by thermoreceptors and the hypothalums triggers sympathetic nerves what does this do

A

1) smooth muscle in arterioles in skin->vasoconstriction/dilation->adjustment loss or conservation of heat
2) sweat glands->sweating->adjustment in heat loss
3)smooth muscle in skin->piloerection(goose bumps)->adjustment in conservation or loss of heat

39
Q

what does a negative feedback loop do for endotherms

A

maintains a balance between heat loss and heat gain

40
Q

explain the feed back loop if the body temperature gets too low

A

-temp too low
-temperature receptors in hypothalamus stimulate heat producing mechanisms
-which is: superfical arteries are constricted reducing heat loss to the air blood flow to digestive system decreases, shivering increases aerobic respiration in the muscles releasing heat, thyroid stimulates cells to increase metabolic heat production
-body temp increses

41
Q

explain the feed back loop if the body temperature gets too high

A

-body temp gets too high
-temperature receptors initiate heat releasing mechanism
-which is: superficial arteries are dilated, causing flushing and increasing heat loss to air blood flow in not diverted away form digestive system, sweating initiated in skin, thyroid stimulates cells to decrease metabolic heat
-body temperature decreases

42
Q

what are thyroid hormones important for

A

important cellular regulators of metabolism in endotherms (especially T3)

43
Q

what happens if T3 and T4 levels are low

A

-hypothalamus releases TRH this triggers TSH release by pituitary
-effects of TSH release: triggers release of T3 and T4 by thyroid follicle cells
-effects of T3 and T4 release: increased metabolic rate of body cells, rise in body temp
-then if there is high levels of T3 and T4 it inhibits the release of TRH and TSH

44
Q

what is the active form of thyroid hormone

A

T3

45
Q

what happens when we have a fever? does the thermoregulation stop working?

A

-no
-hypothalamus sets the temp higher metabolically to fight off infections

Bio 224.3 (12 decks)

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