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Bio 224.3 > Circulatory System Physiology > Flashcards

Circulatory System Physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

in animals all cells must…

A

-have adequate O2, nutrients
-eliminate toxic byproducts of cell metabolism (CO2, N, etc)

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2
Q

how do some species rely on diffusion directly to/from the environment

A

the body of these animals is only a few cells thick

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3
Q

why do more complex animals require an internal, rapid transport system

A

-cells are too far away from environment
ie diffusion is simply not fast enough
-animals may have impermeable skin to prevent dehydration, for protection, support
-so need circ systems

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4
Q

what things need to be transported

A

-homeostasis and metabolism
-heat

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5
Q

what things need to be transported for homeostasis and metabolism

A

-water, respiratory gases, nutrients
-waste products and metabolic intermediates and ions
-CO2
-NH3, NH4, uric acid, urea
-lactic acid, HCO3-
-Na+,K+,Ca2+,Mg2+
-blood clotting factors
-chemical messengers: hormones
-antibodies, cells from the immune system

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6
Q

why does the circ system need to transport heat

A

control of blood flow to the skin and to the extremities plays an important role in controlling and maintaining body temp

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7
Q

what are the four kinds of circulatory systems

A

-circulation of external fluid through an open body cavity
-circulation of internal fluid through an open body cavity
-circulation of internal fluid through a closed body cavity
-circulation of internal fluid through a closed circulatory system with a double circuit

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8
Q

how does circulation of external fluid through an open body cavity work

A

through a thin layer of cells

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9
Q

how does circulation of internal fluid through an open body cavity work

A

circulation through tubes plus the body (celomate)

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10
Q

how does circulation of internal fluid through a closed body cavity work

A

-with a systematic circuit
-single circuit (never leaves blood vessels)

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11
Q

what are some features of circulation through open body cavity

A

-simplest
-uses water currents, beating of flagula, movement of hydra to bring water in, bring in nutrients, release waste

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12
Q

what animals is circulation through an open body cavity found in

A

sponges and cnidarians

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13
Q

what an open circulatory system found in

A

many invertebrate animals

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14
Q

how does a open circ system work

A

-blood pumped by heart empties into an open fluid space
-has a heart
-blood vessels open to the animals body cavity–>hemocoel

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15
Q

what is a hemolymph

A

-it is found in open circ systems and it is blood + interstitial fluid
-a fluid analogous to the blood in vertebrates

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16
Q

what is the hemocoel

A

-hemocoel space or cavities in body tissue
-blood opens right into it, no distinction between interstitial fluid and blood

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17
Q

explain the flow of blood in the open circ system

A

pump(all hearts openings are controlled by valves)–>artery–>hemocoel–>vein–>pump

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18
Q

how well does the open circ system alter the direction or velocity of blood flow

A

it has limited ability

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19
Q

how well does open circ system transfer O2

A

-it has a low rate of O2 transfer
-insects are an exception and not involved in O2 transport

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20
Q

what are the functions of the insect haemolymph

A

-transport of nutrients, hormones, waste products, and immune molecules
-haemolymph cells involves in wound repair and immune response
-hydraulic skeleton->specially in larvae
-heat transfer

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21
Q

what does hemolymph contain

A

-hemocyanin in many animals

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22
Q

what is hemocyanin

A

-found in hemolymph
-metalloprotein with 2 copper atoms
-major O2 transporter in invertebrates
-reversibly binds a single O2
-not bound to blood cells
-suspended in the hemolymph

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23
Q

what colour is hemocyanin

A

-colourless Cu (I) deoxygenated
-blue Cu (II) oxygenated form

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24
Q

for the closed circulatory system most species share common elements in most species

A

-a fluid (solutes in solution, cells in suspension)
-a pump to move fluid (usually a heart)
-vessels to carry the fluid between the pump and body tissue

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25
Q

what is latin for vessels

A

vascular (latin; small vessels)

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26
Q

where is the closed circulatory system found

A

all vertebrates and some invertebrates (cephalopods-squid, ocoto)

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27
Q

how does blood flow in a closed circ system

A

-in a continuous circuit of tubes
-heart–>artery–>small diameter blood vessels where exchange of gases, nutrients, and water takes place–>veins–>heart

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28
Q

who is a closed circulatory system ideal for

A

larger animals–>blood reaches all cells

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29
Q

what do capillary beds allow for

A

fine control of blood distribution and increase delivery of oxygen to tissue very rapidly

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30
Q

what are the three kinds of closed circulations in vertebrates

A

-single circulation (fish)
-parallel circulation (amphibians)
-double circulation (mammal, birds and crock)

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31
Q

how many chambers does the heart of a amphibian have

A

3 chamber, 2 atria, 1 ventricle

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32
Q

how many chambers does the heart of lizard, snake, turtles have

A

3

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33
Q

how does fish circulation work

A

-undivided (single circuit) heart
-blood in oxygenated before going to body
-higher BP then in open system
-but BP is still low

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34
Q

what is the BP of a fish like

A

-higher BP then in open system
-but BP is still how
-low to avoid fluid leakage
-BP=30/20

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35
Q

what is the circulatory system of most reptiles like (snakes, lizards, turtles)

A

-partially divided heart
-blood is still oxygenated before going to the body
-BP=30/20
-but one pump = one BP

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36
Q

what is the circulatory system of crocodiles, birds, and mammals like

A

-completely divided (double circuit)
-blood is still oxygenated first
-but now two pumps=two BP
-BP=30/20 (pulmonary)
-BP 120/80 (systematic)
-means high velocity to systematic tissues
-supports high rates of cellular respiration (metabolism)

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37
Q

what are the two different BP in the mammal, bird, crock system

A

-30/20, pulmonary, low pressure/low resistance system
-120/80, systemic, high pressure/high resistance system

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38
Q

many insects especially flying ones maintain a high metabolic rate despite having an open circulatory system and being ectothermic how do that do that

A

they use spiracles to breath they dont use circulatory systems to transport O2

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39
Q

what are the parts of the mammalian heart

A

-a four chambered pump
-two atria at top of heart
-two ventricles at bottom of of heart
-atrioventricular (AV) valves between atria and ventricles
-semilunar (SL) valves between ventricles and aorta/pulmonary arteries

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40
Q

how is blood pumped in the mammalian heart

A

-in two separate circuits
-pulmonary (right heart)
-systemic (left heart)

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41
Q

how do valves open and close in the human heart

A

due to pressure

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42
Q

what is the point of heart valves in human heart

A

prevent packflow

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43
Q

what makes the heart sound

A

the closing of valves

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44
Q

what is myocardium and what side is it more abundant on

A

-cardiac muscle
-more muscular on left side as opposed to right

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45
Q

why are semilunar valves called semilunar

A

3 cusp like structures

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46
Q

explain the opening and closing process of the semilunar valve

A

-when pressure is greater behind the valve it opens
-when pressure is greater in front of valve it closes. note that when when pressure is greater in front of the valve it does not open in the opposite direction because it is a one way valve
-passive process which is the change in gradient

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47
Q

what are the two different ways the cardiac cycle can be initiated

A

-neurogenic hearts (in some crustaceans) which beats under control of nervous system
-myogenic hearts (all other animals) contractions initiated within the heart

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48
Q

what is the heart contraction cycle

A

-its highly coordinated
-both atria first
-followed by both ventricles
-ventricles contract bottom upwards
-alternating periods of:
diastole (relaxation)
systole (contraction)

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49
Q

what is systolic pressure

A

-contractions of ventricles pushes blood into arteries at peak pressure (120 mm Hg in systemic circulation)

50
Q

diastolic pressure

A

between contractions, blood pressure in arteries falls to a minimun pressure (80 mm Hg in systemic circulation)

51
Q

what is systole-diastole

A

sequence is the cardiac cycle

52
Q

how does the cardiac conduction work

A

-heart has rythmical electrical activity
-source of electrical activity is a network of specialized cardiac muscle fibers called auto-rhythmic fibers
-transmit electrical signal through the heart

53
Q

what are the features of auto- rhythmic fibers

A

-self excitable (generate AP on there own to trigger muscle contractions)
-repeatedly generate action potentials
-act as a pacemaker setting the rhythm of the heart

54
Q

what is the SA node

A

-sinoatrial node
-the node where pacemakers are found
-triggers fist atrial contraction

55
Q

what is the AV node

A

-atrioventricular node
-triggers the contraction of the ventricles
-signal goes from SA to AV and slows for a few milliseconds
-to only connection of the atria and ventricle nothing else connects

56
Q

how does the heart muscle (myocardium) contract

A

really fast from the bottom up

57
Q

what is the bundle of his

A

-an elongated segment connecting the AV Node and the left and right bundle branches of the septal crest
-there is a left and right bundle
-The bundle of His is a heart muscle that takes part in electrical conduction in the heart

58
Q

what are purkinje fibers

A

-branched fibres that carry the electrical impulse to the ventricles
-branched into both the right and left bundle branches of the heart, and runs through the interventricular septum.

59
Q

what it the interatrial pathway

A

a muscular bundle comprising of parallel aligned myocardial strands connecting the right and left atrial walls

60
Q

what are conduction pathways

A

specialized cardiac muscle cells

61
Q

how do conduction pathways coordinate heart cycle

A

by changing speed of conduction

62
Q

cardiac muscle (myocardium) is strained with special cell to cell connections. what does this allow for

A

-allows AP form pacemaker to spread to all muscles cells in the heart
-AP goes form one cardiac muscle to another through gap junction

63
Q

how do pacemaker cells depolarize

A

slowly until the muscle cell reaches threshold

64
Q

what are intercalated disks

A

cardiac muscle fibers brach and are interconnected by intercalated disks

65
Q

what kind of membrane junctions do intercalated disks contain

A

two kinds of membrane junctions: mechanically important desmosomes and electrically important gap junctions

66
Q

describe a cardiac muscle action potential

A

-simulation opens Na+ gates, Na+ enters cell–> (depolarization)(threshold -40), and Ca++ gates open, Ca++ enter cell (+20)
-then K+ ions leave the cell-repolarization
-plateau face–>longer refractory period

67
Q

for a cardiac muscle action potential what is the reason for a longer refractory period

A

-prevents tetanic contraction
-refractory period mean it cant be simulated
-meaning cardiac muscle can relax and contract together

68
Q

what is electrocardiography (ECG)

A

-recording of cardiac electrical signals
-electrodes placed on body surface- arms, legs, and six positions on chest
-graphed as series of waves produced during each hear beat
-using instruments called electrocardiograph (ECG)

69
Q

explain a single contraction cycle of the cardiac cycle

A

-P wave:
-(arterial depolarization)
-arterial contraction
-QRS complex:
-(ventricle depolarization)
-ventricle contraction
-T wave:
-ventricle repolarization

70
Q

what is a cardiac cycle

A

-all events associated with one heartbeat
-pumping process that begins with the onset of cardiac muscle contraction and ends with the beginning of next contraction

71
Q

what is the duration of the cardiac cycle in humans

A

it varies:
-newborn infant=0.25-0.3 sec (200bpm)
-trained athlete=1 sec (60 bpm)
-normal=0.7-0.8 sec (75 bpm)

72
Q

how many times does the cardiac cycle repeat itself per minute at rest vs instance exersise? what is it exceeds or is less then this

A

-cycle repeats 60-100x/min at rest
-bradycardia (lower then normal HB)
-tachycardia (higher then normal HB)
-may exceed 200x/min during intense exercise

73
Q

why do newborns have a much higher hear rate

A

-higher metabolic activity because they are growing
-they lose heat faster from their body then we do due to SA:vol ratio

74
Q

many professional athletes have a much lower resting heart rate than a regular person. how so?

A

cardiac muscles are much stronger then a regular person

75
Q

how is hear rate measured

A

the number of heart beats per unit of time, typically expressed as beater per min (bpm)

76
Q

what is resting heart rate of humans

A

a persons heart rate when they are at rest–about 75 beats/min

77
Q

what does the exact heart rate depend on

A

-body activity:
-physiological status+body activity

78
Q

what is the average amount of blood ejected by the ventricle during each contraction (stroke volume) and heart rate in humans

A

-SV: 70ml/beat
-75 bpm

79
Q

how do you calculate cardiac output

A

-70ml/beat(stroke volume) x75 beats/min (heart rate) =5250ml/min

80
Q

how much blood is pumped by each ventricle each day

A

7,560,000 liters/day

81
Q

what is autonomic regulation of heart rate

A

-cardiovascular center of medulla oblongata
-uses sensory inputs

82
Q

what are the sensory inputs used by autonomic regulation of the heart

A

-chemical changes in the blood, monitored by chemoreceptors
-blood pressure changes, monitored by baroreceptors

83
Q
A
84
Q

what is blood

A

a fluid connective tissue

85
Q

how is blood made up (composition)

A

-plasma: 55%(males)-58%(females) of total volume
-cellular portion (hematocrit) 45%(M)-42%(F) of total volume

86
Q

what is in the plasma portion of blood

A

-water
-plasma proteins (albumin, globulins, fibrinogen, etc)
-ions (Na, Cl, Ca, Mg), lipids, amino acids, hormones, vitimans, dissolved gases

87
Q

what is the function of water in blood

A

solvent

88
Q

what is the function of plasma proteins in blood

A

defence, clotting, lipid transport, roles in extracellular fluid volume, pH, etc

89
Q

what makes up the cellular portion of blood

A

-leukocytes (wbc)
-platelets
-erythrocytes (rbc)

90
Q

what are all the leukocytes found in cellular portion of blood

A

-neutorphils
-lyphocytes
-monocytes/macrophages
-eosinophils
-basophils

91
Q

what is the function of leukocytes in blood

A

-phagocytosis during inflammation/all defence responses
-immune response
-defense against parasitic worms
-secrete substances for inflammatory response and for fat removal from blood

92
Q

what is the function of platelets in blood

A

roles in clotting

93
Q

what is the role of erythrocytes (RBC) in blood

A

oxygen, CO2 transport

94
Q

arteries

A

carry blood away form heart

95
Q

arterioles

A

small branches of the arteries which delivers blood to capillaries

96
Q

capillaries

A

exchange material with interstitial fluid

97
Q

venules

A

collect blood from capillaries

98
Q

veins

A

return blood form heart

99
Q

what makes up a large vein

A

-few layers of smooth muscle and connective tissue
-few elastic layers
-endothelium (single layer of cells that lines lumen)
-wide lumen

100
Q

what makes up large artery

A

-many layers of smooth muscle and connective tissue
several elastic layers
-endothelium (single layer of cells that lines lumen)
-lumen

101
Q

what makes up a venule

A

-connective tissue
-endothelium

102
Q

what makes up a arteriole

A

-smooth muscle fibers
-lumen
-endothelium

103
Q

what are the two kinds of capillaries and what makes them up

A

-fenestrated capillary and continuous capillary
-capillary pores (fenestrated)
-endothelial cells (both)

104
Q

characteristics arteries and arterioles

A

-thick walls
-blood flows under high pressure
-acts as pressure reservors

105
Q

characteristics of veins and venues

A

-thinner walls
-blood flow under low pressure
-valves in some veins prevent backflow
-“capacitance” vessels (60-75% of the blood is in the veins)= blood reservoirs

106
Q

what is venous return of blood to heart aided by

A

-limb muscle pumps and valves

107
Q

how do muscles pumps and valves work

A

-fluid moving in both directions on squeezing a fluid filled tube (there is a point of constriction)
-action of venous valves permitting flow of blood toward heart and preventing backflow of blood (closed venous valve prevents backflow of blood, skeletal muscle contracts, open venous valve permits flow of blood toward heart)
-found especially on lower part of body

108
Q

features of capillaries

A

-walls are a single cell (endothelial) layer
-are very near body cells
-the most numerous vessel in body in humans: 10billion
-total surface area: 500-700m^2
-sometimes little bits of liquid blood to leak through (not big enough for cells)

109
Q

how is blood flow through a capillary bed highly regulated

A

-using precapillary sphincter
-controlled through a number of mechanisms, including autonomic nervous system and endocrine system

110
Q

they lymphatic system

A

-key component of the immune system
-extensive network of vessels

111
Q

what is the role of the extensive network of vessels in the lymphatic system

A

-collects excess interstitial fluid (becomes lymph)
-returns it to the venous blood

112
Q

what happens to the velocity of flow of blood in the aorta, arteries, arterioles, caplillary, venules, veins, venae cavae

A

-high in aorta
-goes down arteries
-arterioles goes down
-capillaries low
-venules goes up
-veins slowly goes up
-venae cavae levels but not has high as velocity

113
Q

where is the total cross sectional area in the circ system higest

A

highest:
1-capillary
2-arterioles, venules
3-arteries, veins

114
Q

what makes up the lymphatic system (for the circulation)

A

-lymph capillaries
-lymph node
-valves

115
Q

what organs make up the lymphatic system (and major structures)

A

-tonsils
-thymus
-spleen
-lymph nodes
-lymph vessels
thoracic duct
-right lymphatic duct

116
Q

right lymphatic duct

A

drains right upper portion of body

117
Q

thoracic duct

A

drains most of the body

118
Q

lymph vessels

A

returns excess interstitial fluid to blood

119
Q

what are the functions of the lymphatic system

A

-fat absorption from the digestive tract to the venous circulation (to left subclavian vein)
-defends (aids the immune system): microorganisms and other foreign substances are filtered form lymph by lymph nodes, and from blood by spleen, lymphocytes destroy microorgansims and other substances

120
Q

what major changes occur in our cardiovascular system during intense exersise

A

-increases heart rate and stroke volume–> cardiac output
-blood vessels expand so there is less resistance (vasodilation)
-redistribution of the blood flow–> more to skeletal muscle and skin; less to other tissue such as digestive system

Bio 224.3 (12 decks)

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