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Bio 224.3 > Respiratory Physiology > Flashcards

Respiratory Physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

what is resperation

A

exchange of respiratory gases
oxygen and carbon dioxide with the environment

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2
Q

why is there a constant urgent need of O2 in animals

A

-because they need it for metabolic processes
-they need it for aerobic respiration
-which produces 34 ATP
-anaerobic respiration only produces 4 ATP

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3
Q

what are the three types of respiration

A

-external
-internal
-cellular

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4
Q

what is external respiration

A

transport of O2 into and CO2 out of the body

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5
Q

what is internal respiration

A

transports O2 into and CO2 out of the cells

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6
Q

what is cellular respiration

A

-intracellular reactions that convert stored energy to ATPe

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7
Q

how does external respiration work

A

-has a gas-exchange (repritory) membrane
-it separates internal tissue form environmental medium (air or water)
-process in which:
-environmental O2–> membrane–> tissues
-dissolved CO2–> membrane–> environment

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8
Q

what is a gas exchange membrane

A

(respritory) membrane is a thin layer of one or two epithelia

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9
Q

what is the formula for the diffusion rate of ficks law

A

j=D.A. C1-C2/X

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10
Q

what is the formula for the diffusion rate

A

J=D.A. P1-P2/X

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11
Q

what is C1-C2

A

-regions of high and low conc of solute
-C1= higher conc

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12
Q

what is the A

A

diffusion area

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13
Q

what is the X

A

distance separating the concentration regions

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14
Q

what is the D

A

-diffusion co-efficent, influenced by physico-chemical properties of the solute, & temp
-constant if other factors stay constant

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15
Q

what is P1-P2

A

-regions of high and low partial pressure
-P1 is the higher pp

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16
Q

how do gas molecules relative to conc graidents

A

-they move because of partial pressure not nessisarly conc graident

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17
Q

how small does an animal need to be to rely of diffusion of O2 alone

A

-using flicks law: vert muscle requires O2 pp or 40mmHg
-rearranging the eq: the distance inside the tissue where O2 PP reaches a min of 40mmHg=1mm
-so diffusion alone is sufficent only for very small animals such as rotifers

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18
Q

what happens to oxygen requirements as an organism gets larger

A

-O2 requirements increase with mass
-diffusion distance increases
-their surface area gets proportionately smaller
-thus a need for respiratory organs with larger SA and shorter diffusion area

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19
Q

why do mammals and birds have a higher SA for gas exchaneg

A

because they are warm blooded and need more O2

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20
Q

why do brids and mammals have thinner gas exchange membrane

A

because they are endothermic (warmblooded)
-birds require alot of O2 to fly which requires alot of ATP

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21
Q

restoration in larger animals requires multiple steps. what are they

A

-most vertebrate gas transfer system involves:
-breathing movements–> ventilation
-diffusion of gasses across the respiratory epithelia
-circulatory system–> bulk transport of gases (perfusion)
-diffusion of gases across capillary wall

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22
Q

what is ventilation

A

breathing movements

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23
Q

what is perfusion

A

bulk transport of gases

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24
Q

what is the structures of the gas exchange system of an animal influenced by

A

-properties of the medium—> air vs water
-requirements of the animal

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25
Q

what does daltons law state

A

that the total pressure exerted by a gas mixture (e.g atmosphere) is the sum of individual pressures ecerted by each gas mixture

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26
Q

what is the partial (Pg) pressure of a gas

A

its its individual pressure in a mixture

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27
Q

what is the rate of diffusion of a gas proportional to

A

its partial pressure within the total gas mixture

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28
Q

how will O2 and CO2 flow

A

based on their pressure praident (high to low)

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29
Q

what is the total atmospheric pressure

A

1atm=760mmHg at sea level

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30
Q

how would u calculate the partial pressure of N2 in atmospheric air of the precent is 79

A

760mmHg x 0.79 = 600mmHg

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31
Q

what does the higher altitude do to oxygen pressure

A

it reduces the inspired pressure of the oxygen not the precent of oxygen in the atmosphere

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32
Q

how does the property of gasses change in air vs water

A
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33
Q

how does the temperature alter the the dissolves O2 level in water

A

higher temp=water solubility goes down

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34
Q

what are some other influences of dissolved O2 in water

A

salinity and pressure

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35
Q

resp gas exchange occurs through…

A

-diffusion
-following the differences of their partial ressure between environment and animals body

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36
Q

why is water breathing energetically more expensive than air breathing

A

-water is a denser and viscous medium
-O2 is less soluble in water then air (30x less soluble)

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37
Q

what are gills

A

-invaginations of the body
-respritory surfaces
-branches and folded
-increased diffusion area

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38
Q

what is the basic overview of how gills work

A

-water moves over gills
-beating of cilia; and contractions of body muscles pump water over gills

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39
Q

what are external gills

A

they extend out from the body and do not have protective coverings

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40
Q

what are internal gills

A

-located within the body
-protected by chambers of the body
-currents of water to be directed over the gills

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41
Q

what is an example of an aquatic creature with external gills

A

-nudibranch

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42
Q

what is are some example of aquatic creatures with internal gills

A

-clam
-cuttle fish
-fish

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43
Q

what things have a double pumping mechanism

A

bony and cartilaginous fish

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44
Q

in double pumping fish what are the two pump cavities

A

-buccal cavity
-opercular cavity

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45
Q

in double pupming fish what is the water entrance and exit

A

mouth and operculum

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46
Q

in double pumping fish what are the two different pumps

A

buccal pump
opercular pump

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47
Q

what does the double pump use to create pumping

A

pressure graident

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48
Q

where is ram ventilation found

A

-pelagic fish like some sharks and mackerel

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49
Q

what happens if mackerel stop swimming

A

they cant fully oxygenate there blood

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50
Q

how does water flow through gills

A

it flows over filaments of gils, then out as mouth closes and operculum opens

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51
Q

how does blood and water flow in the gills

A

in opposing directions

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52
Q

how does the blood leaving the capillaries and oxygenated water compare in O2 content

A

they have the same O2 content

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53
Q

how does the concurrent and counter current of blood and water absorption of O2 compare

A

in concurrent-50%
in countercurrent-90%

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54
Q

why is counter gas exchangers so efficent in fish

A

in the gill the PaO2(arterial) is higher then the PeO2(expired water)

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55
Q

what is the P1-P2 constant with in the gills

A

along the length of the secondary lamella

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56
Q

kill fish can live in aquatic and fresh water and different temps. how does the gill change in warmer vs colder water? how does this help their respiration?

A

the lamella are much thicker in the colder water. in warm its very thin. this is because O2 is less soluble in warm water and by being thinner it creates less area to have to diffuse through

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57
Q

what is the trachea in isects

A

-windpipe
-invaginations of the outer epidermis that branch repeatedly
-trachea branches into tracheoles

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58
Q

how does air enter and leave in insects

A

air enter and leave through spiracles

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59
Q

what happens to O2 and CO2 in insects (where does it go)

A

O2–extra cellular fluid–cells
CO2–ECF–tracheoles

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60
Q

in insects what limits the size if the tissue

A

length of tissue diffusion path

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61
Q

in insects does simple diffusion in tracheoles work for all

A

no only smaller ones. larger ones use vantilation

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62
Q

how does ventilation in larger insects work

A

it involves opening/closing of spiracles and abdominal muscles

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63
Q

what structures do birds have for resperation

A

lungs and air sacs

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64
Q

what are the two air sacs birds have

A

anterior (front) posterior (back)

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65
Q

how many air secs to birds have

A

5-9 depending on the species

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66
Q

explain the cross current exchange of birds during cycle 1 of inhalation

A

-during fist inhalation most of the oxygen flows directly to the posterior air sac
-during the following exhalation both anterior and posterior air sacs contract

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67
Q

explain the cross current exchange of birds during cycle 2 of inhalation

A

-second inhalation air form lungs (now deoxygenated) moves into anterior air sacs
-in second exhalation air from anterior sacs in expelled to outside through trechea

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68
Q

what air does the posterior sac store

A

fresh incoming air

69
Q

what air does the anterior sac store

A

holds deoxygenated air

70
Q

where does gas exchange in the birds lungs occur

A

parabronchi

71
Q

how does cross current gas exchange happen in birds

A

-blood flow branches into multiple streams, each of which meets the air along only part of the airs path
-blood farther down the tubes run alongide O2-poor medium

72
Q

where is the PO2 higher? blood leaving the breathing organ or the exhaled medium

A

-blood leaivng the breathing organ

73
Q

how high can bird fly

A

-higher then everest
-this is the human dead zone
-we would die in 30mins

74
Q

how does the vertebrate resp system have blood and air interact

A

-through a pool system
-air/blood go in/out in the same spot
-there is a mixing of oxygen and blood

75
Q

nasal passage

A

chamber in which air is moistened, warmed, and filtered and in which sounds resonate

76
Q

pharynx (throat)

A

airway connecting nasal passages and mouth with larynx, enhances sound, also connects with esophagus

77
Q

epiglottis

A

closes off larxyn during swallowing

78
Q

larynx

A

airway where sound is produced; closed off during swallowing

79
Q

trachea

A

-wind pipe
-airway connecting larynx with two bronchi that lead into the lungs

80
Q

lungs

A

lobed, elastic organ of breathing that exchanges gases between internal environment and outside air

81
Q

bronchi

A

increasingly branched airways leading to alveoli of lung tissue

82
Q

mouth

A

supplemental airway

83
Q

pleura

A

-double layered membrane that separates lungs form the wall of the thoracic cavity
-fluid between its two layers lubricates breathing movements

84
Q

intercostal muscle

A

skeletal muscle between ribs that contracts to fill and empty lungs

85
Q

diaphram

A

muscle sheet between the chest cavity and abdominal cavity that contracts to fill lungs

86
Q

what is red and blue blood

A

blue=deoxy
red=oxy

87
Q

how does the mammal lung branch

A

-it consists of sequentially branching airways; the trachea divides to form two primary bronchi
-primary bronchi branch and rebranch into bronchioles
-bronchioles branch multiple times and eventually end in tiny outpocketings known as alveoli

88
Q

how many alveoli does an adult human have. what is the total gas exchange mem area

A

-about 700 million alveoli
-total gas exchange mem area of 100 square meters (SA if completely stretched out)

89
Q

what is the inner and outer pleura

A

parietal pleura (outer)
visceral pleura (inner)

90
Q

what is the fluid that fills the pleural cavity

A

intrapleural fluid

91
Q

what is the point of interpleural fluid

A

makes friction with thoracic wall less harsh (protects lungs)

92
Q

what does boyles law explain

A

-Boyle’s law is a gas law, stating that the pressure and volume of a gas have an inverse relationship
-P1xV1=P2xV2

93
Q

inhalation

A

-diaphragm contracts and moves down
-intercostal muscles contract and lift rib cage upward and outward
-lung volume expands

94
Q

exhilation

A

-diaphragm and external intercostal muscles return to the resting positions
-rib cage moves down
-lungs recoil passively

95
Q

what is the active process

A

deep breathing

96
Q

what are lung volumes

A

TV
IRV
ERV
RV

97
Q

what are lung capacities

A

IC
VC
FRC
TLC

98
Q

TV

A

tidal volume = 500ml

99
Q

IRV

A

inspiratory reverse volume = 3000ml

100
Q

ERV

A

exploratory reverse volume = 1000ml

101
Q

RV

A

residual volume* = 1200ml

102
Q

IC

A

inspiratory capacity=Vt+IRV=3400ml

103
Q

VC

A

vital capacity=Vt+IRV+ERV=4500ml

104
Q

FRC

A

functional residual capacity=ERV+RV=2200ml

105
Q

TLC

A

total lung capacity =Vt+ERV+IRV+RV+4700ml

105
Q

total lung capacity

A

max amount of air that the lungs can hold (~5.7L)

106
Q

tidal volume

A

volume of air entering or leaving the lung during a single breath (RESTING Tv~0.5ml)

107
Q

functional residual capacity

A

volume of air in the lungs at the end of a normal passive expiration (~2.2L)

108
Q

residual volume

A

minimum volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximal expiration (~1.2L)

109
Q

what happens if you didnt have residual volume

A

couldnt exhale if dont have this lungs would colapse

110
Q

vital capacity

A

maximum volume of air that can be moved out during a single breath following a maximal inspiration (~1.2L)

111
Q

tidal ventilation

A

fresh inhaled air mixes with stale air left behind form previous breath

112
Q

where is PO2 of air lower? air adjacent to the respiratory membrane or in external environment

A

air adjacent to resp membrane

113
Q

how does O2 leave the breathing organ get into the blood

A

PO2 in blood leaving the organ must be lower
a partial pressure gradient is necessary for O2 to diffuse across the membrane into the blood

114
Q

what is PIO2

A

partial pressure of incoming air

115
Q

what is PEO2

A

partial pressure of exiting air

116
Q

what is PaO2

A

partial pressure blood leaving the the lung

117
Q

what is PvO2

A

partial pressure of blood entering lung

118
Q

what is more efficient cross current gas exchange or tidal gas exchange

A

cross current gas exchenge

119
Q

cross current gas exchenge

A

seen in the avian lung-very efficent

119
Q

where is tidal gas exchange seen

A

seen in mammalian lung

120
Q

how is ventilation in the lung regulated

A

-sensors (chemoreceptors, lung and other receptors)
-which inputs to;
-central controller (brain) which produces;
-output (by efferent nurons) to;
-effectors

120
Q

what triggers the chemoreceptors for lung ventilation regulation

A

-CO2, pH, O2 (partial pressure)
-peripheral & central (brain) types

120
Q

what parts of the brain receives sensors to regulate lung ventilation

A

pons, medulla and other parts

121
Q

during regulation of ventilation what does the brain effect for the output

A

respiratory muscles which monitors the stretch of lungs

122
Q

where are peripheral chemoreceptors found

A

in the aortic bodies within the aortic arch, and also at the bifurcation of common carotid arteries

123
Q

what is the first response for chemoreceptors to control breathing

A

PCO2, pH

124
Q

what is the second response for chemoreceptors to control breathing

A

-PO2

125
Q

when it comes to regulating breathing how does information get from chemoreceptors to the brain

A

information travels via vagus & glossopharyngeal nerves to the respiratory centres in the medulla and pons

126
Q

why is the PCO2 easier to detect

A

CO2 is more soluble- CO2 dissolves which creates bicarbonate which drops pH

127
Q

why and how does corona virus disrupt O2 uptake in our lungs

A

-virus attacks alveoli cells
-when cell is attacked intracellular fluid leaks into alveoli
-pneumonia
-reduces SA and cant uptake O2

128
Q

how is O2 carried in the blood

A

-by RBC- bound to Hb (>98%)
-dissolved O2 in plasma (<2%)

129
Q

what form of O2 in the blood accounts for the PO2

A

the O2 dissolved in the plasma

129
Q

what is the solubility of O2 in the blood

A

-at PO2 of 100mHg, O2 solubility is 0.003ml/100ml
-so we can only transport 0.3ml of O2/100ml of arterial blood
-an athlete may need 14ml O2/100ml of blood

129
Q

why is hemoglobin needed in the blood

A

oxygen isnt very soluble in plasma water

129
Q

why does O2 diffuse from alveolar air into blood

A

partial pressure of O2 is higher in alveolar air than in the blood in the capillary network surrounding alveoli

129
Q

what is hemoglobin

A

iron-containing O2-transport metalloprotein

129
Q

how much does Hb help with O2 solubility in the blood

A

-it can transport lots of O2 at arterial PO2 to the tissues
-1 g of Hb combines with 1.39ml O2
-typically human blood contains 15g Hb/100ml
-therefore at arterial PO2 the blood can transport 1.39x15=> 20.85+0.3=21.15 ml O2/100ml of blood

129
Q

where are RBC present

A

in almost all vertebrates

129
Q

where does O2 diffuse from to get into blood

A

alveolar air into blood

129
Q

what happens to most of the O2 that enters the blood

A

it combines with hemoglobin inside RBC

129
Q

in mammals how much of the RBC’ dry content

A

96%

129
Q

what metal does hemoglobin contain

A

a ferrous (Fe2+) ion

129
Q

how does O2 bind to Fe2+

A

-in a reversible manner; hemoglobin can bind up to 4 oxygen molecules

130
Q

what kind of graph relationship is oxygen binding to hemoglobin

A

sigmoid shaped curve

130
Q

what does a sigmoid shape curve mean for O2 binding

A

binding for O2 in one site increases the affinity of the other sites for O2

130
Q

what helps to maintain a large partial pressure gradient between O2 in alveolar air and in blood plasma

A

large quantities of O2 combined with hemoglobin

131
Q

what is affinity of Hb for oxygen affected by

A

-temprature
-pH
-CO2

132
Q

where is there a higher temprature

A

in the systemic capillaries

133
Q

where does the affinity for O2 binding to Hb increase and decrease

A

favours O2 binding in the respiratory epithelial and O2 release in tissue

134
Q

on a O2 binding curve what happens if curve shifts to the right. what would cause this kind of shift

A

-reduced affinity
-produced by CO2, H+, temp
-at PO2 in lungs shift is not as important
-at PO2 in tissue capillaries the shift is most dramatic

135
Q

what is the PO2 in the body tissue

A

20-40 mm Hg

136
Q

what is the PO2 in the alveoli

A

80-100 mm Hg

137
Q

what does a low pH do to hemoglobins affinity for O2

A

reduces the affinity, O2 is released

138
Q

what is the pH in the capillaries

A

the pH is 7.2 so hemoglobin can hold less O2

139
Q

what is the optimal pH for hemoglobin

A

7.4

140
Q

how does the PO2 in interstitial fluid and body cells compare to PO2 in the blood plasma

A

PO2 in interstitial fluid and body cells is lower then in blood plasma

141
Q

how does O2 diffuse from blood plasma, interstitial fluid and body cells

A

blood plasma–>interstitial fluid–>body cells

142
Q

where is PCO2 higher. blood or tissue

A

it is higher in the tissue

143
Q

what happens to CO2 in the body

A

-10% is dissolved in blood plasma
-70% is converted into H+ and HCO3- (bicarbonate ions)
-20% combines with hemoglobin

144
Q

how many reactions is there to transfer CO2 from the body cells to RBC

A

two reactions; a fast and a slow

145
Q

what is the fast reaction to transfer CO2 form the body cells to RBC

A

-CO2 diffuses into RBC and combines with hemoglobin forming carbaminohemoglobin
-some CO2 combines with H2O to form HCO3- and H+
-H+ cobines with hemoglobin
-HCO3- is transported out of RBC to plasma

146
Q

what is the slow reaction to trasfer CO2 form the body cells to RBC

A

some CO2 released into the blood and combines with plasma H2O to form HCO3- and H+

147
Q

what is carbonic anhydrase

A

-a metalloenzyme that requires Zn2+
-catalyzes the rapid interconversion of CO2 and H2O to bicarbonate and H+
-contributes to transporting CO2 out of the tissue
-maintains acid base balance in blood and other tissue

148
Q

how fast is the carbonic anhydrase reaction

A

it is capable of converting one million molecules of CO2 per second

149
Q

how does CO2 transfer in the lungs

A

-PCO2 is higher in blood than alveolar air
-reactions packing CO2 in to blood are reversed
-CO2 is released from blood into alveolar air

150
Q

how does CO2 transfer form blood to air

A

-goes form lungs
-to RBC
-to aveolar air

151
Q

what reaction does CO2 transfer use to get from blood to air

A

-there is 2 rxns
-fast;
-most of the HCO3 in RBC combines with the H+ released form hemoglobin to form CO2 and H2O
-CO2 is released from hemoglobin

-slow;
-plasma CO2 diffuses to the alveolar air

Bio 224.3 (12 decks)

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