sensory + motor

Question 1

2 types of muscle receptor

Answer 1

muscle spindle and golgi tendon organ

Question 2

golgi tendon organ sends ______ to _____ and consists of ____ and _____

Answer 2

muscle tension info / CNS / collagen fibers / 1b afferentnhow to activelky

Question 3

how to actively contract and passively stretch muscle?

Answer 3

when muscle streetch, 1a & 1b afferent has to increase AP firing rate
when extrafusal muscle fiber contract, 1a > & 1b <

Question 4

how is primary motor cortex organized?

Answer 4

musculature requireing fine motor control (i.e palm) copu greater space in motor cortext than one w/ les sprecise (stomach)

Question 5

goal of brain machine interfaces and how do they do it?

Answer 5

restore motor function for patient w. spinal cord damage w/ implanted microelectrodes & use population coding algorithm to control prosthetic devices

Question 6

without cerebellum, you couldn’t….

Answer 6

• evaluates differences btw intended action & actual one while movmnt is progressing
  bcs cerebellum receives input frm cerebral cortext, brain steam & spinal cord
  + sends it back to them. a loop.

Question 7

which inputs prject FROM cerebellum?

Answer 7

cerebellar cortext oi dee cerebellar nuclei -> motor cortex via thalamus

Question 8

direct sensory inputs of the cerebelum include ___ ___, ____ ____ and other mechanoreceptor

other brain stem inputs include ____ olive & locus ____

Answer 8

vestibular nuclei / nmuscle spindle

inferior / coerulus

Question 9

mossy fiber vs climbing fiber

Answer 9

mossy: synapse from granule cells, forming parallel fibers to purkinje cells

synapse directly on purkinje cells

Question 10

symptoms of parkinson’s disease and how to treat it

Answer 10

tremor at rest, rigti gaint, minimal facial expression, slow movement

oral L-dopa/lero dopa, deep brian surgery of STN and GPI

Question 11

describe the anatomy of a muscle spindle

Answer 11

extra muscle fibre
- alpha motor neuron innervates it
golgi tendon organ below

inside, intrafusal fiber and 1b afferent
gamma motor neuron innversaves intrafusal fibre

Question 12

compare the effect when a-motor neuron is activates vs when both alpha & gamma motor neuron coactivated?

Answer 12

alpha only: extrafusal musle contract
no AP created
slack muscle spindle & cant signal length change

alpha & gamma motor neuron: tension is maintained and can signal length change

Question 13

if you put a load muscle, how to prevent overstretching?

Answer 13

• load added to muscle
• muscle spindle streches as arm extends downward
• 1a afferent fires AP
• synpase directly w/ alpha motor neuron to extrafusal muscle fibre of same muscle
• reflec contraction initated (arm extends upward_)

Question 14

lateral vs ventral corticospinal tract?

Answer 14

lateral; cross in medulla
involved in fine mvment & distal/extremity muscle

ventral: cross in spinal cord
involved in gross mvment & axial/ trunk muscle

Question 15

explain what is reciprocal innervation in the pattelar tendeon reflex?

Answer 15

QUAD contracts: muscle spindle stretche
-> 1a afferent fire AP
synapse directly to alpha motor neuron and quad femoris
quad contracts + lef springs forward

HAMSTRING relaxes: collateral (1a afferent also synapses to inhibitoryt interneuron in spinal cord
, which inhibits alpha motor neuron to hamstring muscle
-> it relaxes and lefg stend forward

Question 16

compare cerebellum vs basal ganglia: function and loop?

Answer 16

function: evaluates differences btw intended actions and actual ones irl. for motor adaptioan & learning VS planning mvment

loop: receives input from cerebal cortext -> brain stem-> spinal cord project it back VS …cortext then project it back via thalamus

Question 17

output from the cerebellum?

Answer 17

cerebrallar cortex -> deep cerebrallar nuclei -> motor contex

Question 18

input of basal ganglia?

hint: all cortical areas project to ____, excluding ____/ _____

Answer 18

input: caudate & putamen
all cortical areas project to them excluding primary visual/ auditoyr cortext

Question 19

caudate & ___ send output through ___ ___ & _____ ___ ___ ___

further to ___ ____-> ____ & back to _____ cortext

=> output of basal ganglia

Answer 19

putamen / globus pallidus & substantia nigra par compact

subthalamic nucleus /thalamus / cerebrel cortex

Question 20

compare the indirect vs direct pathway in basal ganglia

Answer 20

(+) motor cortext excites putamen

(-): indirect STOPS mvment: …inhibits G.P external -> blocked GP e cant inhibit subthalamic nucleus -> activat4es GP internal -> inhibits thalamus -> cant activate motor cortex

direct PROMOTES mvmnt: inhibits GP internal -> blocked GP internal cant inhibit the thalamus _. acticates motor conrtex

Question 21

distinct 2 classes of sensory receptors

Answer 21

complete neural receptor & special sense receptor

(+): myelinated axon and cell bodoy

(-) specialized nerve ending VS specialized cell receptor
for olfaction & somatory senses VS vision, hearing, taste & balance

Question 22

compare the way complete neural receptor vs special sense receptor transduce a stimulus

Answer 22

all similiar: stimuli acts on receptor
alters its membrane
local flow within (recep potential -> graded potential)

complete neural: changes in AP frequency and opens more channels -> AP propagation to CNS

special senses: releases neurotransmitter -> changes in post-synaptic membrane potential + aP frequency
->AP propagation to CNS

Question 23

how can we distinguish odour?

Answer 23

every taste activates different receptor to a diff degree -> interprets by CNS

Question 24

small receptive field - ____ (flutter + stroking) & ____ (steady ____ & ___)

large- ruffini’s ending (___ ___) and ____ (vibration) bcs they are ______ , need to _________ hence larger receptive field

Answer 24

meissner’s corpuscle / merkel’s disk / pressure & texture

skin stretch pacinian’s corpuscle / located far deeper into skin

Question 25

more ____ musculature (i.e ____) occupy greater spaces in the somatosenory cortex

Answer 25

sensitive

Question 26

state 2 differences btw beta, delta and C nociceptors

Answer 26

1: Beta has large, myelinated fiber / delta has small myelinated / C has small unmyelinated

2: beta responds to touch /
intense mechanical or mechanothermal stimuli /
C for heat cold slow pain

Question 27

what is going on when you accidentally burn yourself starting from the spinal cord?

Answer 27

pain reflex steps in!

starting from the spinal cord, primary neuron travels to medulla
since it’s nociceptor, cross in the spinal cord
secondary neuron travels to the thalamus
tertiary neuron travels to the somatosensory cortex

Question 28

describe how light transduction occurs in photoreceptors without light and light stimulus

Answer 28

In darkness, Na & Ca++ channels open -> rods & cones depol
=> release neurotransmitter
=> inhibit the activation of bipolar cells

In light stimulus, Na & Ca++ channels closed -> rods & cones hyperpol
=> release less OR stop neurotransmitter
=> activated bipolar cells send signals from ganglion -» optic nerve

Question 29

RODS vs CONES

Answer 29

highly sensitive to light vs less sensitive
vision @ low light lvl vs color vision( 3 types to repsond to RBG wavelength)

Question 30

how forvea gets a higher acuity

Answer 30

surrounding cells are pushed aside (curved) alowing light to strike photoreceptor directly

Question 31

list 5 types of eye movements; define them if necessary

Answer 31

• saccades: rapid, jerky eye mvment that follow line of sight
• smooth pursuits: keep img on fovea
• vestibulo-occular reflex: stabilize the eye during head mvment
• vergence = follow obj appraoching / moving away
• optokinetic reflex

Question 32

describe how sound waves travel to the inner ear, or sound transduction

Answer 32

1. sound waves strike tympanic membrane
2. transfer its energy into ossicle
3. via stapes, vibration of oval window creates fluid wave within cochlea duct

Question 33

describe how low / high frequency is coded in the ear

Answer 33

fluid waves travel along basilar membrane

low frequency: wide, thin
high: short and thick

Question 34

light first passes through axosn of ___ ____ -> ____ cells -> ____ cells -> photoreceptor

only cells that generate AP is ___, graded potential ___ cells

Answer 34

optic nerve / gangion / bipolar /

ganglion / bipolar cells

Question 35

4 somatic senses:

Answer 35

1. touch
2. proprioception = how the body is located in space
3. temp
4. nociception

Question 36

when a ____, longer stimuli and receptor potential is ___ & longer, AP frequency is ___ & longer

Answer 36

stronger / larger / higher

Question 37

describe where the different 6 senses terminate in the CNS

Answer 37

vision -> visual…
hearing -> auditory
taste -> gustatory….
touch -> somatosensory cortex
balance all synpase to the thalamus and their respective cortex
balance is vestibular apparatus

only for smell, nose -> olfactory bulb -> olfactory cortex

Question 38

describe the pathway for sensory neurons

Answer 38

spinal cord to medula: primary neuron
medulla to thalamus: secondary neuron
thalamus -> somatosensory cortex: tertiary neuron

Question 39

___ touch, propriocetion & ____ cross in the _____ while ____ touch, ___ & nociceptor cross in _____

Answer 39

fine / vibration / medulla / coarse / temp / spinal cord

Question 40

3 types of hearing loss

conductive: sound cant ____ in _____ & _____ ear
sensorineural: damage to the structure of _____ ear
central: damage to the ____ ______

Answer 40

transmit / outer / middle
inner
auditory pathways