respiratory

Question 1

distinct VA / VE / VD

Answer 1

conducting zone: anatomical dead space ventilation (VD = weight x resp rate)
respiratory zone: alveolar ventilation (VA = VE-VD)
pulmonary ventilation: VE = tidal vol x resp rate

Question 2

function of conducting zone

Answer 2

• carry filter moisten air
• microbial defense
• bronchial epithelial cells have cilia which sweep mucus + infected stuff towards trachea

Question 3

3 cells in alveolar

Answer 3

type I (thin flat cell tht makes gas exchgange easier) / type II (secrete surfactant) / micrphages destroy microorg

Question 4

parietal pleural vs visceral pleura vs intrapleural space

Answer 4

visceral pleural directly on top / then parietal pleural/ space btw them

Question 5

how much is P in intrapulmonary P?

Answer 5

760 mmHg

Question 6

distinct btw obstructive vs restrictive disease

Answer 6

FEV > bt no change to FVC vs FVC > bt no change to FEV1
FEV1/FVC less than 80% vs FEV1/FVC more than 80%
exhalation issues vs inhalation

Question 7

what does a spirometer measure?

Answer 7

tidal vol: amnt in / out of lung during normal breathing
inpspiratory reverse vol: max amnt inhaled after normal inhalation
expiratory reserve vol: …exhalaltion
residual vol: amnt remaining in the lungs after max expiration

Question 8

emphysema

Answer 8

cause: smoking: loose elastic tissue -> loose elastic recoil -> <> compliance
effect: destructed alvolar wall creates large air sac -> poor gas exchange

Question 9

what do you wanna increase to increase compliance? why?

surfactant / surface tension/ elastic tissue.

Answer 9

surfactant

has a hydrophilic head + hydrophobic tail
balance forve over the liquids in the alveoli
stop lung collapse -> > surface tension -> < compliance

Question 10

asthama: C & E?

Answer 10

cause: allergen, pollution
effect: airway inflamation -> narrows

Question 11

pneumothorax: C & E?

Answer 11

cause: punctures int he pleural membranes
since gas moves from H to L, goes towards the intrapleural membrane
effect: no transpul P -> lung collapse

Question 12

how does nRDS affect premature infant?

Answer 12

poor gas exchange, alveolar collapse ‘ of weak surfactant system
solution: administer it!

Question 13

pulmonary fibrosis: C & E?

Answer 13

cause: chronically inhaling abestos. coal dust, polution
effect: fribrous scar tissue @ alveoli
due to thick walls, poor gas exchange

Question 14

5 factors that maximize simple difussion across blood gas barrier

Answer 14

thin membrane, small molecule, high gradient, high SA, hydrophobic

Question 15

2 ways in which O is transported

Answer 15

• dissolved in blood
• bounded to hemoglobin as oxyhemoglobin (O2 + Hb = HbO2)
  inside hemoglobin: 4 heme groups + 4 oxygen groups

Question 16

function of hemoglobin

Answer 16

pick up O at the lungs via binding to heme group
drop off that O at tissue’s cell
collect cellular waste (CO2) via binding to globiin
drop off that waste at lungs for removal

Question 17

explain the bohr effect

Answer 17

lowered afinity for bindging to O2
when increase temp, pCO2 but decrease the pH

’ CO2 + H20 eventually makes H+ + HCO3-
lower pH, O2 readily dissoiciate from oxyhemoglobin

Question 18

How is CO2 transported?

Answer 18

1) Disolved in plasma
2) carbamino form by binding to globin subunits (CO2+ Hb -> HbCO2)
3_ bVicarbonate form

Question 19

Types of chemoreceptor

Answer 19

Peripheral: aortic arch and carotid body
Central : medulla oblongata

Question 20

respiratory acidosis vs respiratory alkalosis

Answer 20

too much H+
increase ventilation to breath out CO2

too lil H+
retain CO2 to make it
decrease ventilation

Question 21

2 causes of anaemia

Answer 21

low production of erythocytes: bone marrow tissue, improper nutr, kidney failure
loss of …: bleeding, hemolytic disease

Question 22

how to increase the erythopoetin release?

Answer 22

since the stinulus if low PO2,
- anaemia
circulatory / lung disease
high altitude

Question 23

differentiate inspiration vs expiration in 3 points

Answer 23

ribcage moves up and OUT; external intercoastal contravs vs external intercoastal relaxes
diaphragm moves down => contracts vs diagraphm moves up => relaxes

Question 24

what is special abt active phase of expiration?

Answer 24

rectus, obliques abdominus and internal intercoastal contracts (to help diagraphm)

Question 25

how does Boyle’s Law affect inspiration?

Answer 25

since Boyls’s Law states that pressure is inversely proportional to volume,

increasing vol of thoraic cavity in inspiration would decrease intrapul P

Question 26

how is control achieved through peripheral chemoreceptor?

Answer 26

respiratory centre compares to set point (PO2 = 100 mmHg, PCO2 = 40 mmHg, pH = 7.4)
respiratory muscle increases ventilation and set pojint achieved
PO2, PCO2 & pH all less than set point
peripheral chemoreceptor @ aortic arch & carotid body sends AP to respiratory centre

Question 27

how did H+ end up activating central chemoreceptor? what is special abt this compared to peripheral chemoreceptor?

Answer 27

CO2 diffuses to the cerebrospinal fluid
-> combines w/ water, makes carbonic acid
-> disassociates into H+ and bicarbonate

H+ activates centre chemoreceptor =? stimulates respiratory centre

vs peripheral, this one only senses pH

Question 28

compare anaemia vs polycythemia

Answer 28

depressed hematocrit => low PO2 transport
fatigue, muscle wekaness, and breathlessness

elevated hematocrit, thickened blood

Question 29

_______, production of RBC in bone marrow and _____, ___ hormone stimulates it

to release that hormone, have low/high PO2

Answer 29

enrythpoeisis / enrythropoetin/ peptide
low!