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physiol > reproduction > Flashcards

reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

how is the male reproductive system created?

A

@ 6 weeks, SRY on Y chromosome turns ON !!

  • stimulates common gonad -> testes
    (1) creates MIH => no (F) genitalia; Mullerian duct digresses
    (2) testes creates testosterone => maturation of male genitalia; Wolffian duct develops into testis
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2
Q

list the components of testis?

A

seminiferous tubules: where sperm + fluid created

epididymus: where sperm stored and matured

vas deferens: where sperm expel upon ejaculation

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3
Q

fill in the blank for testosterone
type of hmn:
recep:
transportation:
precursor:

A

as steroid hmn, => hydrophobic

w/ intracellular recep
=> transport in blood, bound to protein

cholesterol precursor

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4
Q

describe spermatogenesis

using: secondary spermatocytes, spermatozoa, spermatogonia, spermatid, secondary spermatocyte

whether meiosis or mitosis or spermiogenesis

A

hits in puberty due to < in testos

spermatogonia undergoes mitosis and creates primary spermatocyte + additional

primary spermatocyte replicates DNA, undergoes meiosis => splits into 2 secondary spermatocytes

undergoes meiosis, splits into 4 spermatids

since enough DNA, 4 spermatids undergoes spermiogenesis and creates 4 spermatozoa

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5
Q

role of Wollfian and Mullerian duct in female reproductive system

A

Mullerian duct becomes uterus
Wolffian duct REGRESSES

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6
Q

describe the negative feedback loop of men starting from hypothalamus

A

hypothalamus release GnRH -> stimulates the release of gonadotropin at the gonads: testes

FSH affects sertoli cells -> makes inhibin to support and regulate spermatogenesis
LH affects Leydig cells -> makes testosterone

paracrine signals to support Sertoli cells

In (-) fdbk loop, inhibin & testos inhibits the release of GnRH -> lowers FSH & LH

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7
Q

if the body want to create more estrogen and less estrogen, what to do? how?

A

(+): have high lvl of estrogen -> creates a (+) fdbk loop which raises the lvl of GnRH
(-): low lvl of estrogen creates a (-) fdbk loop -> inhibits the release of GnRH -> lowers FSH + LH

Bcs hypothalamus releases GnRH -> stimunlates the release of FSH & LH

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8
Q

what fluid does prostate gland vs bulbourethral gland vs seminal vesicle release?

A

release alkaline fluid to neutralize the acidic area of rthe vagina vs ….urethra vs provides a bulk of fluid, esp fructose-rich nutr for sperm

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9
Q

what flows through the utrethra?

A

sperm: sperm expelled from vas deferens upon ejactulation -> seminar vesicle ->\ ejaculatory duct -> prostate gland -> utrethra -> penis

urine: bladder -> same path -> urethra -> penis

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10
Q

compare the use of FSH & lH in male and female reproductive systems

A

M: LH affects leydig cells => makes testosterone
paracrine signal to support sertoli
FSH affects Sertoli cells

F:” Lh affects theca, make adrostenedione
shuttled to granulosa
FSH affects granulosa

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11
Q

describe testosterone lvl throughout lifetime

A
  • rises during fertilization for sex determination
  • peaks post birth to protect from infection + disease
  • spikes @ puberty for spermatogenesis
  • eventually declines @ andropause (fatigue, reduced fertility bt not lost, muscle mass)
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12
Q

primary follicle vs secondary follicle v s graffiian follicle in term of structure

A

primary follicle: primary oocyte / granulosa cells / zona pellucida
secondary follicle: the same w/ theca cells
graffian follicle: secondary oocyte / granulosa cells / zona pellucida / theca cellls

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13
Q

describe oogenesis: from primary oocyte to secondary to ovum to zygote

A

oogonia creates countless primaruy oocyte before birth (mitosis occurs)
in puberty, some progress to secondary oocyte and 1st polar body =? meiosis I occurs
secondary oocyte gets fertilized by sperm (meiosis II occurs)
splits into ovum and 2nd polar body
nuclei cells of sperm joins ovum > zygote

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14
Q

oogenesis vs spermatogenesis

A

(+) creates gamete with half DNA
(-) for oogenesis, no replenishment / 1 viable gamete vs 4 / do meiosis II if fertilized vs all the way

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15
Q

ddescribe follicugenesis, including ovulation and corpus luteum

A

primordial follicle: hasnt matured- respond to FSH and matured @ puberty
primary follicle: FSH stimulates to create 1 new cell type
secondary follicle: follicle creates 2nd new cell type

ovulation: ovum / uterine tube

corpus luteum: remaining cells, theca and granulosa, form corpus luteum and releases progesterone

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16
Q

in fdbk loop of follicle,

LH affects ______ cells which produce androstenedione
shuttled to the granulosa cells
FSH affects _____ cells, use ____ to convert ___ hormone to make _____

A

theca cells
granulosa / aromatase / steroid hmn / estrogen

17
Q

how to create estrogen in the female reproductive system

A

hypothalamus releases GnRH -> stimunlates the release of FSH & LH

LH affects theca cells -> creates adrostenedione (steroid hmn)
shuttled to granulosa cells
FSH creates granulosa cells -> use adrostenedione to make estrogen

18
Q

describe the follicular phase (early & mid to late), including what happens to the hormones. why were only strong follicle able to remain?

A

during early to mid follicular phase: follicle develops and releases granulosa cells
estrogen slightly < bt (-) fdbk loop keeps FSH & LH low

during late follicular phase: estrogen lvl peeks- (-) to (+) fdbk loop
while FSH momentarily dips
=> only strong follicle remains

19
Q

describe ovulation and luteal phase

A

due to (+) fdbk loop, surge in FSH & LH lvl low
=> triggers ovulation

luteal phase: rmaining cells, theca and granulosa cells, form corpus luteum and releases progesterone

(-) fdbk loop: estrogen lvl drops
=> FSH & LH drops

embryo signals corpus luteum to say active
-> otherwise, degrades & proges lvl drops

20
Q

what would be the uterine events if a fertile person now choose tb pregnant? examine that with the endometrium

A

in menstruation phase: loss of progesterone triggers endometrium shading
=> unreceptive to implantation
=> no ovulation

in proliferative phase: estrogen peaks in late follicular phase => endometrium grows

in secretory phase: corpus luteum produces progesterone to maintain endometrium
the lvl maintains

21
Q

compare combined pills to mini pills and their effect

A

(-): combined pill has estrogen and progestin
mini pill only has progestin

(+): induces a (-) fdbk loop -: GnRH, FSH & LH drops
suppresses follicugenesis and ovulation
affects uterine tube’s ability to transport sperm
thickens cervical mucus, inhibit sperm entry to uterus

22
Q

if a 48 year old patient comes with hot flashes, lost fertility and vaginal dryness, how would that happen?

A

HAVE MENOPAUSE
LOSS of follicle -> less estrogen
since lvl is so low, loosses that (-) fdbk loop effect

FSH & LH rises dramatically => strange flunctuation in primary follicle

pituitar exhausted => FSH & lH drops
cycle ends, reachy MENOPAUSE

23
Q

what would be a reproductive disease that a female patient would come to the doctor for? how would the doctor confirm and help her?

A

endometriosis: endometrium grows up outside of uterus, attach to other organs

knows this via pelvic exam, ultrasound & MRI

give her pain med, hmn, surgery

24
Q

what happens after fertilization?

A

frimbiae sweeps in the egg
mitosis occurs in the fallopian tube

zygote -> 4-cell stage -> morula

blastocyte arrives in the uterus for implantation

25
Q

how to form a zygote :

head enters the ____ of ______
_____ II occured: ___ ____ created
# ___ fuses (haploid/ diploid)

=> zygote created, ovum fertilized

A

cytoplasm / ovum
meiosis / polar / body
2/ nuclei / diploid

26
Q

what created the fetus and what created the placenta? how?

A

trophoblast cells forms placenta. inner cell mass develops into fetus.

in implantation, blastocyte connects to endometrium

trophoblast cells creates lacunae (which signals cell invasion) and hCG -> placenta
inner cell mass dvlop into fetus

27
Q

hCG maintainst the _____ _____ so it can secretes _____
=> what pregnancy test detecs

placenta takes over the production of: ___ & estrogen from ___ ___

connects the ___ to the to allow for nutr/ waste trasnfer, ___ _____

A

corpus luteum / progesterone

propgesterone / corpus luteum

fetus / gas exchange

28
Q

how does the winning sperm enters the ovum for fertilization

A

ovum surrounded by cumulous cells (formerly, granulosa) + zona pellucida

penetrates cumulous cells
reaches zona pellucida + binds to oocyte membrane
acrosome rxn triggered
binds to plasma membrane
block POLYSPERMY

29
Q

how does the uterus prepare for delivery?

including the pelvic joint

A

relaxin = relaxes pelvic joins + dilates cervix

proges prevents early contraction of uterus, strengthen pelvic wall muscle => affect digestion

30
Q

role of placenta during pregnancy

A

when attached to mama, gas exchange occurs via arteries + veins

Oxygenated blood & nutr via maternal artery sits in lacunae
-> travels along umbilical cord to baby

CO2 & waste difusses out

hmn produce

31
Q

what does the uterine muscle depend on during delivery & contraction?

A

depend on (+) fdbk loop of oxytocin,
causes uterine muscle to contract
=> pushes baby down harder

nerve impulse sent back down to the brain
=> even more oxytocin!

32
Q

why is respiratory alkalosis more common in pregnancy?

A

< in aeolar ventilation and tidal volume
bt > in residual volume
more PO2, less PCO2

blood from placenta removes more waste
less acidity, more respiratory alkalosis

33
Q

GI effects from progesterone

A

progesterone relaxes smooth muscle, reduced tone
=> nausea, heart burn
affects gastric emptying too

34
Q

how can the embryo gets harmed during 38 wks of human dvlopment?

A

0-3: embryo death may occur
3-8: formation of organs / period of max sensitivity / embryo may be deformed
8-38: abnormal maturation of organ syst => functional disturbances

35
Q

give an overview of female productive system’s anatomy

A
  • frimbiae sweeps in the egg
  • fallopian tube
  • ovary
  • endometrium: uterus lining
  • uterus: site of implantation
  • cervix: entrace to the uterus
  • vagine: where sperm deposited and menstrual fluid leaves
36
Q

since increased blood volume, how will that affect renal adaptation?

A

< in GFR, filtered load
RAAS to occur

37
Q

granulosa cells have ____, which convert androstenedione into _____

A

aromatase -> estrogen

38
Q

if remove testes, cant inhibit GnRH GnRH lvl would be high

A
39
Q

T/F: testosteron is an androgen

A

T

physiol (8 decks)

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