reproduction Flashcards
how is the male reproductive system created?
@ 6 weeks, SRY on Y chromosome turns ON !!
- stimulates common gonad -> testes
(1) creates MIH => no (F) genitalia; Mullerian duct digresses
(2) testes creates testosterone => maturation of male genitalia; Wolffian duct develops into testis
list the components of testis?
seminiferous tubules: where sperm + fluid created
epididymus: where sperm stored and matured
vas deferens: where sperm expel upon ejaculation
fill in the blank for testosterone
type of hmn:
recep:
transportation:
precursor:
as steroid hmn, => hydrophobic
w/ intracellular recep
=> transport in blood, bound to protein
cholesterol precursor
describe spermatogenesis
using: secondary spermatocytes, spermatozoa, spermatogonia, spermatid, secondary spermatocyte
whether meiosis or mitosis or spermiogenesis
hits in puberty due to < in testos
spermatogonia undergoes mitosis and creates primary spermatocyte + additional
primary spermatocyte replicates DNA, undergoes meiosis => splits into 2 secondary spermatocytes
undergoes meiosis, splits into 4 spermatids
since enough DNA, 4 spermatids undergoes spermiogenesis and creates 4 spermatozoa
role of Wollfian and Mullerian duct in female reproductive system
Mullerian duct becomes uterus
Wolffian duct REGRESSES
describe the negative feedback loop of men starting from hypothalamus
hypothalamus release GnRH -> stimulates the release of gonadotropin at the gonads: testes
FSH affects sertoli cells -> makes inhibin to support and regulate spermatogenesis
LH affects Leydig cells -> makes testosterone
paracrine signals to support Sertoli cells
In (-) fdbk loop, inhibin & testos inhibits the release of GnRH -> lowers FSH & LH
if the body want to create more estrogen and less estrogen, what to do? how?
(+): have high lvl of estrogen -> creates a (+) fdbk loop which raises the lvl of GnRH
(-): low lvl of estrogen creates a (-) fdbk loop -> inhibits the release of GnRH -> lowers FSH + LH
Bcs hypothalamus releases GnRH -> stimunlates the release of FSH & LH
what fluid does prostate gland vs bulbourethral gland vs seminal vesicle release?
release alkaline fluid to neutralize the acidic area of rthe vagina vs ….urethra vs provides a bulk of fluid, esp fructose-rich nutr for sperm
what flows through the utrethra?
sperm: sperm expelled from vas deferens upon ejactulation -> seminar vesicle ->\ ejaculatory duct -> prostate gland -> utrethra -> penis
urine: bladder -> same path -> urethra -> penis
compare the use of FSH & lH in male and female reproductive systems
M: LH affects leydig cells => makes testosterone
paracrine signal to support sertoli
FSH affects Sertoli cells
F:” Lh affects theca, make adrostenedione
shuttled to granulosa
FSH affects granulosa
describe testosterone lvl throughout lifetime
- rises during fertilization for sex determination
- peaks post birth to protect from infection + disease
- spikes @ puberty for spermatogenesis
- eventually declines @ andropause (fatigue, reduced fertility bt not lost, muscle mass)
primary follicle vs secondary follicle v s graffiian follicle in term of structure
primary follicle: primary oocyte / granulosa cells / zona pellucida
secondary follicle: the same w/ theca cells
graffian follicle: secondary oocyte / granulosa cells / zona pellucida / theca cellls
describe oogenesis: from primary oocyte to secondary to ovum to zygote
oogonia creates countless primaruy oocyte before birth (mitosis occurs)
in puberty, some progress to secondary oocyte and 1st polar body =? meiosis I occurs
secondary oocyte gets fertilized by sperm (meiosis II occurs)
splits into ovum and 2nd polar body
nuclei cells of sperm joins ovum > zygote
oogenesis vs spermatogenesis
(+) creates gamete with half DNA
(-) for oogenesis, no replenishment / 1 viable gamete vs 4 / do meiosis II if fertilized vs all the way
ddescribe follicugenesis, including ovulation and corpus luteum
primordial follicle: hasnt matured- respond to FSH and matured @ puberty
primary follicle: FSH stimulates to create 1 new cell type
secondary follicle: follicle creates 2nd new cell type
ovulation: ovum / uterine tube
corpus luteum: remaining cells, theca and granulosa, form corpus luteum and releases progesterone
in fdbk loop of follicle,
LH affects ______ cells which produce androstenedione
shuttled to the granulosa cells
FSH affects _____ cells, use ____ to convert ___ hormone to make _____
theca cells
granulosa / aromatase / steroid hmn / estrogen
how to create estrogen in the female reproductive system
hypothalamus releases GnRH -> stimunlates the release of FSH & LH
LH affects theca cells -> creates adrostenedione (steroid hmn)
shuttled to granulosa cells
FSH creates granulosa cells -> use adrostenedione to make estrogen
describe the follicular phase (early & mid to late), including what happens to the hormones. why were only strong follicle able to remain?
during early to mid follicular phase: follicle develops and releases granulosa cells
estrogen slightly < bt (-) fdbk loop keeps FSH & LH low
during late follicular phase: estrogen lvl peeks- (-) to (+) fdbk loop
while FSH momentarily dips
=> only strong follicle remains
describe ovulation and luteal phase
due to (+) fdbk loop, surge in FSH & LH lvl low
=> triggers ovulation
luteal phase: rmaining cells, theca and granulosa cells, form corpus luteum and releases progesterone
(-) fdbk loop: estrogen lvl drops
=> FSH & LH drops
embryo signals corpus luteum to say active
-> otherwise, degrades & proges lvl drops
what would be the uterine events if a fertile person now choose tb pregnant? examine that with the endometrium
in menstruation phase: loss of progesterone triggers endometrium shading
=> unreceptive to implantation
=> no ovulation
in proliferative phase: estrogen peaks in late follicular phase => endometrium grows
in secretory phase: corpus luteum produces progesterone to maintain endometrium
the lvl maintains
compare combined pills to mini pills and their effect
(-): combined pill has estrogen and progestin
mini pill only has progestin
(+): induces a (-) fdbk loop -: GnRH, FSH & LH drops
suppresses follicugenesis and ovulation
affects uterine tube’s ability to transport sperm
thickens cervical mucus, inhibit sperm entry to uterus
if a 48 year old patient comes with hot flashes, lost fertility and vaginal dryness, how would that happen?
HAVE MENOPAUSE
LOSS of follicle -> less estrogen
since lvl is so low, loosses that (-) fdbk loop effect
FSH & LH rises dramatically => strange flunctuation in primary follicle
pituitar exhausted => FSH & lH drops
cycle ends, reachy MENOPAUSE
what would be a reproductive disease that a female patient would come to the doctor for? how would the doctor confirm and help her?
endometriosis: endometrium grows up outside of uterus, attach to other organs
knows this via pelvic exam, ultrasound & MRI
give her pain med, hmn, surgery
what happens after fertilization?
frimbiae sweeps in the egg
mitosis occurs in the fallopian tube
zygote -> 4-cell stage -> morula
blastocyte arrives in the uterus for implantation
how to form a zygote :
head enters the ____ of ______
_____ II occured: ___ ____ created
# ___ fuses (haploid/ diploid)
=> zygote created, ovum fertilized
cytoplasm / ovum
meiosis / polar / body
2/ nuclei / diploid
what created the fetus and what created the placenta? how?
trophoblast cells forms placenta. inner cell mass develops into fetus.
in implantation, blastocyte connects to endometrium
trophoblast cells creates lacunae (which signals cell invasion) and hCG -> placenta
inner cell mass dvlop into fetus
hCG maintainst the _____ _____ so it can secretes _____
=> what pregnancy test detecs
placenta takes over the production of: ___ & estrogen from ___ ___
connects the ___ to the to allow for nutr/ waste trasnfer, ___ _____
corpus luteum / progesterone
propgesterone / corpus luteum
fetus / gas exchange
how does the winning sperm enters the ovum for fertilization
ovum surrounded by cumulous cells (formerly, granulosa) + zona pellucida
penetrates cumulous cells
reaches zona pellucida + binds to oocyte membrane
acrosome rxn triggered
binds to plasma membrane
block POLYSPERMY
how does the uterus prepare for delivery?
including the pelvic joint
relaxin = relaxes pelvic joins + dilates cervix
proges prevents early contraction of uterus, strengthen pelvic wall muscle => affect digestion
role of placenta during pregnancy
when attached to mama, gas exchange occurs via arteries + veins
Oxygenated blood & nutr via maternal artery sits in lacunae
-> travels along umbilical cord to baby
CO2 & waste difusses out
hmn produce
what does the uterine muscle depend on during delivery & contraction?
depend on (+) fdbk loop of oxytocin,
causes uterine muscle to contract
=> pushes baby down harder
nerve impulse sent back down to the brain
=> even more oxytocin!
why is respiratory alkalosis more common in pregnancy?
< in aeolar ventilation and tidal volume
bt > in residual volume
more PO2, less PCO2
blood from placenta removes more waste
less acidity, more respiratory alkalosis
GI effects from progesterone
progesterone relaxes smooth muscle, reduced tone
=> nausea, heart burn
affects gastric emptying too
how can the embryo gets harmed during 38 wks of human dvlopment?
0-3: embryo death may occur
3-8: formation of organs / period of max sensitivity / embryo may be deformed
8-38: abnormal maturation of organ syst => functional disturbances
give an overview of female productive system’s anatomy
- frimbiae sweeps in the egg
- fallopian tube
- ovary
- endometrium: uterus lining
- uterus: site of implantation
- cervix: entrace to the uterus
- vagine: where sperm deposited and menstrual fluid leaves
since increased blood volume, how will that affect renal adaptation?
< in GFR, filtered load
RAAS to occur
granulosa cells have ____, which convert androstenedione into _____
aromatase -> estrogen
if remove testes, cant inhibit GnRH GnRH lvl would be high
T/F: testosteron is an androgen
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