Sensory Contribution to Skilled Performance Flashcards
What are the 3 sources of sensory information?
- exteroception
- proprioception
- interoception
What is exteroception?
sensory information arising primarily from outside the body
What is proprioception?
- sensory information arising from within the body, resulting in the sense of position and movement
- sometimes called kinesthesis
What is interoception?
- wholly within the body
- hunger and thirst
Name the 5 receptors that provide information to the neuromuscular system.
- vestibular apparatus
- muscle spindles
- golgi tendon organs
- cutaneous receptors
- joint receptors
Where are vestibular apparatus found and what do they do?
- inner ear
- assists with balance
Where are muscle spindles and what do they do?
- receptors in the “belly” of muscles
- info about joint position
Where are golgi tendon organs and what do they do?
- between muscles and tendons
- measures force production
Where are cutaneous receptors and what do they do?
- receptors found in the skin
- provide sensations or feel
What do joint receptors do?
provide info on extreme positions of the joint
Describe the 2 possible paths of closed-loop control systems.
- desired state –> executive system –> expected state –> comparator –> error signal
- desired state –> executive system –> effector system –> actual state –> comparator –> error signal
What are the 4 distinct parts that all closed-loop systems have?
- executive
- effector system
- comparator
- error signal
What is the executive?
decision making about errors
What is the effector system?
carrying out the decisions
What is the comparator?
the anticipated feedback is compared to actual feedback to define an error
What is the error signal?
information acted on by the executive
Describe the closed loop system for air temperature.
- control center (executive)
- air conditioning (effector)
- increased flow of cool air (output)
- actual temperature (feedback)
- actual state
- thermostat (comparator)
- difference in actual and desired temperature (error)
- too warm (input)
What is open loop control?
a type of system in which instructions for the effector system are determined in advance and run off without feedback
What is closed loop control?
a type of system control involving feedback, error detection, error correction that is applicable to maintaining a system goal
Name the steps in the loop for anticipated feedback.
- input
- stimulus ID
- response selection
- movement programming
- anticipated feedback
- comparator
- error
Name the steps in the loop for proprioceptive feedback.
- input
- stimulus ID
- response selection
- movement programming
- motor program
- spinal cord
- muscles
- proprioceptive feedback
- comparator
- error
Name the steps in the loop for exteroceptive feedback.
- input
- stimulus ID
- response selection
- movement programming
- motor program
- spinal cord
- muscles
- movement
- exteroceptive feedback
- comparator
- error
Trace a star with your right hand and your left hand. What are the differences? Is there a part of tracing that is open loop controlled?
?
Bounce a tennis ball and catch it. What part of this movement is open loop and what part is closed loop?
?
What are some limitations of the closed loop system?
- 3 corrections per second
- slow: especially if high demand for processing time (i.e. non-dominant hand)
What are the positives of the closed loop system?
it provides flexibility in movement control
What are the 4 muscle response types?
- M1 response
- M2 response
- triggered reaction
- reaction-time response
Describe M1 response.
- latency: 30-50 ms
- almost no flexibility or adaptability
- instructions have no role
- number of choices has no effect
Describe M2 response.
- latency: 50-80 ms
- low flexibility or adaptability
- instructions have some role
- number of choices can possibly have effect
Describe triggered reaction response.
- latency: 80-120 ms
- moderate flexibility or adaptability
- instructions have large role
- number of choices have a moderate effect
Describe reaction-time response.
- latency: 120-180 ms
- very high flexibility or adaptability
- instructions have a very large role
- number of choices have a large effect
What is an example of M1 response?
muscle to spinal cord back to muscle
What is an example of M2 response?
muscle to higher CNS back to muscle
What is an example of triggered reaction response?
muscle to CNS to muscles in another area
What is an example of reaction-time (M3) response?
voluntary contractions
Several _____ _____ _______ account for corrections leading toward goal achievement in a closed-loop manner without involving the ______ _______ ______.
- reflex-like processes
- information processing stages
In moving from the M1, M2, triggered reactions, and M3 (or voluntary reaction time), these responses show systematically increased _____ but decreased _____.
- flexibility
- latency
What happens in the book holding experiment?
- Arms drop quickly when books placed on palms…
- (M1 response) Muscle fibres are stretched as arms drop… 30-50 msec
- (M2 response) Muscles contract (tension), stops decent of books… 50-80 msec
- (M3 response) Continued contraction raises books back to desired height (shoulders)… 120-180 msec
What system do we use to obtain the goal in the book holding experiment?
closed loop system
What part of the tight rope walking would be M1, M2, Triggered Response & M3 control?
- M1 & M2 lower body balance (ankle joint reflexes)
- Triggered Response would be arm actions and core stability (learned to become automatic)
- Reaction time response (M3) catch your self if you fall
