Processing Information Flashcards
What are the stages of information processing?
- input
- stimulus identification
- response selection
- movement programming
- output
What are Donder’s 3 task types according to the “stages of processing”?
A-type reaction
C-type reaction
B-type reaction
What are the requirements of A-type reaction?
- stimulus detection
What are the requirements of C-type reaction?
- stimulus detection
- stimulus identification
What are the requirements of B-type reaction?
- stimulus detection
- stimulus identification
- response selection
A-type reaction tests… Give an example.
- simple reaction time
- tennis ball drop one ball
C-type reaction tests… Give an example.
- go/no-go reaction
- ?
B-type reaction tests… Give an example.
- choice reaction time
- ?
What is reaction time?
RT interval is a measure of the accumulated durations of the three stages of processing.
What are the factors that influence decision making?
- number of stimulus-response alternatives (Hick’s Law)
- Stimulus-response compatibility
- population stereotypes
- amount of practice
- anticipation
What is Hick’s law?
the mathematical descriptor showing a linear relationship between choice reaction time and the logarithm of the number of stimulus-response alternatives
Define stimulus-response compatibility. Give an example.
- the extent to which the stimulus and the response it evokes are connected in a “natural” way
- turning the handlebars of a bike to the right to move in that direction
What are population stereotypes?
habitual stimulus-response relationships that dominate behaviour due to cultural learning
What is anticipation?
advanced strategy to enhance reaction time and performance
What are the 2 types of anticipation? Describe each.
- spatial anticipation: anticipating what action will happen
- temporal anticipation: anticipating when an action will happen
Give an example of spatial anticipation.
driver anticipates being cut off in a lane change
Give an example of temporal anticipation.
sprinter anticipates the starter’s gun
What are the costs of anticipation?
there could be a fake
How does a fake affect anticipation?
- bottleneck effect
- stimulus 1 (fake) and stimulus 2 (actual) are processed in parallel until stimulus 1 (fake) reaches the bottleneck
- stimulus 2 (actual) must wait until the response-programming stage is cleared for further processing
- response to stimulus 2 (actual) is far later (more than 100ms)
What is short-term sensory store (STSS)?
responsible for storing vast amounts of sensory information only long enough for some of it to be abstracted and further processed
What is short-term memory? (STM)
It is a temporary holding place for information (e.g., a phone number given to you verbally).
What is long-term memory? (LTM)
It contains very well-learned information that has been collected over a lifetime.
What is choice reaction time?
the performer must choose one response from a subset of possible predetermined movements
What is the difference between stimulus detection and stimulus identification?
- in stimulus detection the performer knows the response to make before the stimulus comes on
- in stimulus identification the performer needs to identify that the stimulus was the specified one before responding
response time =
reaction time + movement time
