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BIO191B > Sensory Anatomy & Physiology > Flashcards

Sensory Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Sensory pathway

A
  • Stimulation: any event that triggers a specific physiological reaction in an organ or tissue
  • Transduction: process of converting a sensory signal into an electrical nerve signal processed by CNS
  • Sensation: conscious or subconscious awareness of changes in external or internal environment
  • Perception: conscious interpretation of sensations performed mainly by cerebral cortex
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2
Q

Free nerve endings

A

bare dendrites associated w/ pain, thermal, tickle, itch, & some touch sensations

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3
Q

Encapsulated nerve endings

A

dendrites enclosed in connective tissue capsule for pressure, vibration, & some touch sensations

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4
Q

Separate cells

A

receptor cells synapse w/ first-order sensory neurons; located in retina of eye (photoreceptors), inner ear (hair cells), & taste buds of tongue (gustatory receptor cells)

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5
Q

Exteroceptors

A

at or near body surface; sensitive to stimuli origination outside body

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6
Q

Interoceptors

A

in blood vessels, visceral organs, & nervous system; provide info about internal environment

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7
Q

Proprioceptors

A

in muscles, tendons, joints, & inner ear; provide info about body position, muscle length, & tension, position & motion of joints, & equilibrium

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8
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

detect mechanical stimuli; provide sensations of touch, pressure, vibration, proprioception, & hearing & equilibrium; monitor stretching of blood vessels & internal organs

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9
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

detect change in temperature

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10
Q

Nocioceptors

A

respond to painful stimuli resulting from physical or chemical damage to tissue

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11
Q

Photoreceptors

A

detect light that strikes retina of eye

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12
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

detect chemicals in mouth (taste), nose (smell), & body fluids

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13
Q

Osomoreceptors

A

detect chemicals in mouth (taste), nose (smell), & body fluids

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14
Q

Muscle spindles

A

type of proprioceptor, found in skeletal muscles, that monitors muscle length & involved in stretch reflexes

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15
Q

Tendon organs

A

type of proprioceptor, found at junction of tendon & muscle, that protects muscles & tendons from damage due to overstretching

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16
Q

Joint kinesthetic receptors

A

exist in & around joint capsule of synovial joints & respond to pressure, acceleration, & deceleration during movement & help to protect against excessive strain

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17
Q

Meissner corpuscles

A
  • Onset of touch & low-frequency vibrations
  • Capsule surrounds mass of dendrites in dermal papillae of hairless skin
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18
Q

Hair root plexuses

A
  • Movements on skin surface that disturb hairs
  • Free nerve endings wrapped around hair follicles in skin
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19
Q

Tactile discs

A
  • Continuous touch & pressure
  • Saucer-shaped free nerve endings make contact w/ tactile epithelial cells in epidermis
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20
Q

Ruffini corpuscles

A
  • Skin stretching & pressure
  • Elongated capsule surrounds dendrites deep in dermis & in ligaments & tendons
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21
Q

Pacinian corpuscles

A
  • High-frequency vibrations
  • Oval, layered capsule surrounds dendrites; present in dermis & subcutaneous layer, submucosal tissues, joints, periosteum, & some viscera
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22
Q

First order neurons

A

impulses from somatic receptors to brain stem or spinal cord

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23
Q

Second order neurons

A

impulses from brainstem & spinal cord to thalamus

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24
Q

Third order neurons

A

impulses from thalamus to primary somatosensory area of cortex on same side

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25
Q

Dorsal column-medial lemiscus (DCML):

A

helps us perceive touch, vibration, proprioception, pressure from limbs, trunk, neck & posterior head; lesion to pathway can lead to loss of vibration, joint sense & ataxia

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26
Q

Spinothalamic pathway

A

uses 3 neurons to convey sensory info; impulses for pain, temperature, itch, & tickle

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27
Q

Spinoreticular pathway

A

utilizes 4 levels of neurons to convey sensory info; pathway passes through reticular formation in brainstem to thalamus; impulses for pain & causes alertness, arousal to painful stimuli

28
Q

Spinotectal pathway

A

utilizes 3 levels of neurons to convey sensory info; pathway terminates in superior & inferior colliculli in midbrain; responsible for visual reflexes due to sensations such as pain, temperature, & tactile

29
Q

Trigeminothalamic pathway

A

impulses for most somatic sensations from face, nasal cavity, oral cavity, & teeth; sensations include touch, proprioception, pain, & temperature

30
Q

Supporting cells

A

located in mucous membrane lining nose; physical support & nourishment for olfactory receptor cells

31
Q

Basal stem cells

A

undergo mitosis to replace olfactory receptor cells

32
Q

Olfactory glands

A

produce mucus that is used to dissolve odor molecules so that transduction may occur

33
Q

Olfactory transduction

A

binding of an odorant molecule to an olfactory receptor protein

34
Q

Vallate papillae

A

about 12 that contain 100-300 taste buds

35
Q

Fungiform papillae

A

scattered over tongue with about 5 taste buds each

36
Q

Foliate papillae

A

located in lateral trenches of tongue (most of their taste buds degenerate in early childhood)

37
Q

Filiform papillae

A

cover entire surface of tongue; contain tactile receptors but no taste buds; increase friction to make it easier for tongue to move food within mouth

38
Q

Facial (VII) nerve

A

carries taste info from anterior ⅔ of tongue

39
Q

Glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve

A

carries taste info from posterior 13 of tongue

40
Q

Vagus (X) nerve

A

carries taste info from taste buds on epiglottis & in throat

41
Q

Palpebral muscles

A

control eyelid movement & extrinsic eye muscles are responsible for moving eyeball

42
Q

Conjunctiva

A

thin, protective mucous membrane that lines eyelids & covers sclera

43
Q

Tarsal plate

A

fold of connective tissue that gives form to eyelids

44
Q

Tarsal glands

A

specialized sebaceous glands that keep eyelids from sticking to each other

45
Q

Cornea

A

transparent anterior portion of eye

46
Q

Sclera

A

opaque white portion of eye

47
Q

Choroid

A

darkly-pigmented membrane that prevents scattering of light rays

48
Q

Ciliary body

A

thickened tissue that encircles lens & shapes lens

49
Q

Iris

A

controls size of opening in eye (pupil) based on NS

50
Q

Optic disc

A

point at which optic nerve exist eye

51
Q

Fovea centralis

A

center of retina; area of highest visual acuity

52
Q

Rods

A

see in dim light

53
Q

Cones

A

help in bright light & produce color vision

54
Q

Lens

A

changes in shape to allow us proper focus

55
Q

Anterior chamber

A

between iris & cornea; filled w/ aqueous humor

56
Q

Posterior chamber

A

behind iris, in front of lens; filled w/ transparent, gelatinous substance (vitreous humor)

57
Q

Auricle

A

captures sound

57
Q

External auditory canal

A

Transmits sound to eardrum

58
Q

Tympanic membrane (eardrum)

A

vibrates according to sound waves

59
Q

Ceruminous glands

A

secrete cerumen (earwax) to protect canal & eardrum

60
Q

Auditory ossicles

A

malleus, incus, stapes; sound vibrations are transmitted & amplified from eardrum through bones to oval window

61
Q

Auditory tube

A

extends from middle ear into nasopharynx to regulate air pressure in middle ear

62
Q

Cochlea

A

translates vibrations into neural impulses that brain can interpret as sound

63
Q

Semicircular canals

A

work w/ cerebellum to sense rotational acceleration for balance

64
Q

Saccule

A

senses vertical acceleration

65
Q

Utricle

A

senses horizontal acceleration

BIO191B (9 decks)

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